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See also:FREYCINET, See also:CHARLES See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- ) , See also:French statesman, was See also:born at See also:Foix on the 14th of See also:November 1828. He was educated at the lcole Polytechnique, and entered the See also:government service as a See also:mining engineer. In 1858 he was appointed See also:traffic manager to the Compagnie de chemins de fer du Midi, a See also:post in which he gave See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of his remarkable See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent for organization, and in 1862 returned to the See also:engineering service (in which he attained in 1886 the See also:rank of inspector-See also:general). He was sent on a number of See also:special scientific See also:missions, among which may be mentioned one to See also:England, on which he wrote a notable Memoire sur le travail See also:des femmes et des enfants clans See also:les manufactures de l'Angleterre (1867). On the See also:establishment of the Third See also:Republic in See also:September 187o, he offered his services to See also:Gambetta, was appointed See also:prefect of the See also:department of See also:Tarn-et-Garronne, and in See also:October became See also:chief of the military See also:cabinet. It was mainly his See also:powers of organization that enabled Gambetta to raise See also:army after army to oppose the invading Germans. He showed himself a strategist of no mean See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order; but the policy of dictating operations to the generals in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field was not attended with happy results. The See also:friction between him and General d'Aurelle de Paladines resulted in the loss of the ad-vantage temporarily gained at See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, and he was responsible for the See also:campaign in the See also:east, which ended in the destruction of See also:Bourbaki's army. In 1871 he published a See also:defence of his See also:administration under the See also:title of La Guerre en See also:province See also:pendant le See also:siege de See also:Paris. He entered the See also:Senate in 1876 as a follower of Gambetta, and in See also:December 1877 became See also:minister of public See also:works in the See also:Dufaure cabinet. He carried a See also:great See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for the See also:gradual acquisition of the See also:railways by the See also:state and the construction of new lines at a cost of three milliards, and for the development of the See also:canal See also:system at a further cost of one milliard. He retained his post in the See also:ministry of See also:Waddington, whom he succeeded in December 1879 as See also:president of the See also:council and minister for See also:foreign affairs. He passed an See also:amnesty for the Communists, but in attempting to See also:steer a See also:middle course on the question of the religious associations, lost the support of Gambetta, and resigned in September 1880. In See also:January 1882 he again became president of the council and minister for foreign affairs. His refusal to join England in the See also:bombardment of See also:Alexandria was the See also:death-knell of French See also:influence in See also:Egypt. He attempted to See also:compromise by occupying the See also:Isthmus of See also:Suez, but the See also:vote of See also:credit was rejected in the Chamber by 417 votes to 75, and the ministry resigned. He returned to See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in See also:April 1885 as foreign minister in the See also:Brisson cabinet, and retained that post when, in January 1886, he succeeded to the premiership. He came into See also:power with an ambitious See also:programme of See also:internal reform; but except that he settled the question of the exiled pretenders, his successes were won chiefly in the See also:sphere of colonial See also:extension. In spite of his unrivalled skill as a See also:parliamentary tactician, he failed to keep his party together, and was defeated on 3rd December 1886. In the following See also:year, after two unsuccessful attemptsto construct new ministries he stood for the See also:presidency of the republic; but the radicals, to whom his opportunism was distasteful, turned the See also:scale against him by transferring the votes to M. Sadi See also:Carnot.
In April 1888 he became minister of See also:war in the See also:Floquet cabinet —the first civilian since 1848 to hold that office. His services to See also:France in this capacity were the crowning achievement of his See also:life, and he enjoyed the conspicuous See also:honour of holding his office without a break for five years through as many successive administrations—those of Floquet and See also:Tirard, his own See also:fourth ministry (See also:March 1890-See also:February 1892), and the See also:Loubet and See also:Ribot ministries. To him were due the introduction of the three-years' service and the establishment of a general See also:staff, a supreme council of war, and the army commands. His premier-See also:ship was marked by heated debates on the clerical question, and it was a hostile vote on his See also:Bill against the religious associations that caused the fall of his cabinet. He failed to clear himself entirely of complicity in the See also:Panama scandals, and in January 1893 resigned the ministry of war. In November 1898 he once more became minister of war in the See also:Dupuy cabinet, but resigned office on 6th May 1899. He has published, besides the works already mentioned, Traite de mecanique rationnelle (1858); De l'analyse infinitesimale (186o, revised ed., 1881); Des pentes economiques en chemin de fer (1861) ; Emploi des eaux d'egout en See also:agriculture (1869); Principes de l'assainissement des villes and Traite d'assainissement industriel (187o) ; Essai sur la philosophie des sciences (1896); La Question d'Egypte (1905); besides some remarkable " Pensees " contributed to the Contemporain under the See also:pseudonym of " Alceste." In 1882 he was elected a member of the See also:Academy of Sciences, and in 1890 to the French Academy in See also:succession to Emile See also:Augier.
End of Article: FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- )
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