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FRISIAN ISLANDS , a See also:chain of islands, lying from 3 to 20 M. from the mainland, and stretching from the Zuider Zee E. and N. as far as See also:Jutland, along the coasts of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland and See also:Germany. They are divided into three See also:groups: (1) The See also:West Frisian, (2) the See also:East Frisian, and (3) the See also:North Frisian.
The chain of the Frisian Islands marks the See also:outer fringe of the former See also:continental See also:coast-See also:line, and is separated from the mainland by shallows, known as Wadden or Watten, answering to the maria vadosa of the See also:Romans. Notwithstanding the See also:protection afforded by See also:sand-See also:dunes and earthen embankments backed by stones and See also:timber, the Frisian Islands are slowly but surely crumbling away under the persistent attacks of See also:storm and See also:flood, and the old Frisian See also:- PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)
proverb " de nick will diken mut wiken" (" who will not build dikes must go away ") still holds See also:good. Many of the Frisian legends and folk-songs See also:deal with the submerged villages and hamlets, which See also:lie buried beneath the treacherous See also:waters of the Wadden. Heinrich See also:Heine made use of these legends in his Nordseebilder, composed during a .visit to See also:Norderney in 1825. The Prussian and Dutch governments annually expend large sums for the protection of the islands, and in some cases the erosion on the seaward See also:side is counterbalanced by the See also:accretion of See also:land on the inner side, See also:fine sandy beaches being formed well suited for See also:sea-bathing, which attracts many visitors in summer. The inhabitants of these islands support themselves by seafaring, pilotage, grazing of See also:cattle and See also:sheep, fishing and a little See also:agriculture, chiefly See also:potato-growing.
The islands, though well lighted, are dangerous to See also:navigation, and a glance at a See also:wreck See also:chart will show the entire chain to be densely dotted. One of the most remarkable disasters was the loss of H.M.S. " La Lutine," 32 guns, which was wrecked off Vlieland in See also:October 1799, only one See also:hand being saved, who died before reaching See also:England. " La Lutine," which had been captured from the See also:French by See also:Admiral See also:Duncan, was carrying a large quantity of See also:bullion and specie, which was underwritten at See also:Lloyd's. The Dutch See also:government claimed the wreck and granted one-third of the See also:salvage to bullion-fishers. Occasional recoveries were made of small quantities which led to repeated disputes and discussions, until eventually the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the Nether-lands ceded to See also:Great See also:Britain, for Lloyd's, See also:half the See also:remainder of the wreck. A Dutch salvage See also:company, which began operations in See also:August 1857, recovered £99,893 in the course of two years, but it was estimated that some £1,175,000 are still unaccounted for. The See also:ship's See also:rudder, which was recovered in 1859, has been fashioned into a See also:chair and a table, now in the See also:possession of Lloyd's.
The West Frisian Islands belong to the See also:kingdom of the Nether-lands, and embrace Texel or Tessel (71 sq. m.), Vlieland (19 sq.
m.), Terschelling (41 sq. m.), Ameland (23 sq. m.), west Schiermonnikoog (19 sq. m.), as well as the much smaller
Frisian.
islands of Boschplaat and Rottum, which are practically uninhabited. The See also:northern end of Texel is called Eierland, or " See also:island of eggs," in reference to the large number of sea-birds' eggs which are found there. It was joined to Texel by a sand-See also:dike in 1629-163o, and is now undistinguishable from the See also:main island. Texel was already separated from the mainland in the 8th See also:century, but remained a Frisian See also:province and countship, which once extended as far as See also:Alkmaar in North Holland, until it came into the possession of the See also:counts of Holland. The island was occupiedby See also:British troops from August to See also:December 1799. The See also:village of Oude Schild has a See also:harbour. The island of Terschelling once formed a See also:separate lordship, but was sold to the states of Holland. The See also:principal village of West-Terschelling has a harbour. As See also:early as the beginning of the 9th century Ameland was a lordship of the influential See also:family of Cammingha who held immediately of the See also:emperor, and in recognition of their See also:independence the Amelanders were in 1369 declared to be neutral in the fighting between Holland and See also:Friesland, while See also:Cromwell made the same See also:declaration in 1654 with respect to the See also:war between England and the See also:United See also:Netherlands. The See also:castle of the Camminghas in the village of Ballum remained See also:standing till 181o, and finally disappeared in 1829 after four centuries. This island is joined to the mainland of Friesland by a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone dike constructed in 1873 for the purpose of promoting the See also:deposit of mud. The island of Schiermonnikoog has a village and a lighthouse. Rottum was once the See also:property of the See also:ancient See also:abbey at Rottum, 8 m. N. of See also:Groningen, of which there are slight remains.
With the exception of Wangeroog, which belongs to the See also:grand duchy of See also:Oldenburg, the East Frisian Islands belong to See also:Prussia. They comprise See also:Borkum (122 sq. m.), with two See also:light-houses and connected by steamer with See also:Emden and BastFrisian. See also:Leer; Memmert; Juist (24 sq. m.), with two lifeboat stations, and connected by steamer with Norddeich and Greetsiel; Norderney (52 sq. m.); Baltrum, with a lifeboat station; Langeoog (8 sq. m.), connected by steamer with the adjacent islands, and with Bensersiel on the mainland; Spiekeroog (4 sq. m.), with a See also:tramway for See also:conveyance to the bathing See also:beach, and connected by steamer with Carolinenziel; and Wangeroog (2 sq. rn.), with a lighthouse and lifeboat station. All these islands are visited for sea-bathing. In the beginning of the 18th century Wangeroog comprised eight times its See also:present See also:area. Borkuin and Juist are two surviving fragments of the See also:original island of Borkum (computed at 38o sq. m.), known to See also:Drusus as Fabaria, and to See also:Pliny as Burchana, which was See also:rent asunder by the sea in 1170. Neuwerk and Scharhorn, situated off the mouth of the See also:Elbe, are islands belonging to the See also:state of See also:Hamburg. Neuwerk, containing some marshland protected by dikes, has two lighthouses and a lifeboat station. At See also:low See also:water it can be reached from Duhnen by See also:carriage.
About the See also:year 1250 the area of the North Frisian Islands was estimated at ro65 sq. m.; by 185o this had diminished to only io5 sq. m. This See also:group embraces the islands of See also:Nord-
strand (174 1 sq• m.), which up to 1634 formed one North Frisian.
larger island with the adjoining Pohnshallig and Nordstrandisch-See also:Moor; Peliworm (164 sq. m.), protected by a circle of dikes and connected by steamer with See also:Husum on the mainland; See also:Amrum (rot sq. m.); F6hr (32 sq. m.); See also:Sylt (38 sq. m.); Rom (16 sq. m.), with several villages, the principal of which is Kirkeby; See also:Fano (21 sq. m.); and See also:Heligoland (4 sq. m.). With the exception of Fano, which is Danish, all these islands belong to Prussia. In the North Frisian group there are also several smaller islands called Halligen. These rise generally only a few feet above the level of the sea, and are crowned by a single See also:house standing on an artificial See also:mound and protected by a
surrounding dike or See also:embankment.
End of Article: FRISIAN ISLANDS
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