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See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
JAMES I ., the Conqueror (1208–1276), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Aragon, son of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter II., king of Aragon, and of See also:Mary of See also:Montpellier, whose See also:mother was Eudoxia Comnena, daughter of the See also:emperor See also:Manuel, was See also:born at Montpellier on the 2nd of See also:February 1208. His See also:father, a See also:man of immoral See also:life, was with difficulty persuaded to cohabit with his wife. He endeavoured to repudiate her, and she fled to See also:Rome, where she died in See also:April 1213. Peter, whose possessions in See also:Provence entangled him in the See also:wars between the Albigenses and See also:Simon of See also:Montfort, endeavoured to placate the See also:northern crusaders by arranging a See also:marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. In 1211 the boy was entrusted to Montfort's care to be educated, but the aggressions of the crusaders on the princes of the See also:south forced Peter to take up arms against them, and he was slain at Muret on the 12th of See also:September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own See also:power. The Aragonese and Catalans, however, appealed to the See also:pope, who forced Montfort to surrender him in May or See also:June 1214. James was now entrusted to the care of Guillen de Monredon, the See also:head of the See also:Templars in See also:Spain and Provence. The See also:kingdom was given over to confusion till in 1216 the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the See also:young king to See also:Saragossa. At the See also:age of thirteen he was married to Leonora, daughter of See also:Alphonso VIII. of See also:Castile, whom he divorced later on the ground of See also:consanguinity. A son born of the marriage, Alphonso, was recognized as legitimate, but died before his father, childless. It was only by slow steps that the royal authority was asserted, but the young king, who was of gigantic stature and immense strength, was also astute and patient. By 1228 he had so far brought his vassals to obedience, that he was able to undertake the See also:conquest of the Balearic Islands, which he achieved within four years. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he endeavoured to bring about a See also:union of Aragon with See also:Navarre, by a See also:contract of mutual See also:adoption between himself and the Navarrese king, Sancho, who was old enough to be his See also:grand-father. The See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme See also:broke down, and James abstained from a policy of conquest. He wisely turned to the more feasible course of extending his dominions at the expense of the decadent
See also:Mahommedan princes of See also:Valencia. On the 28th of September 1238 the See also:town of Valencia surrendered, and the whole territory was conquered in the ensuing years. Like all the princes of his See also:house, James took See also:part in the politics of See also:southern See also:France. He endeavoured to See also:form a southern See also:state on both sides of the See also:Pyrenees, which should counterbalance the power of France See also:north of the See also:Loire. Here also his policy failed against See also:physical, social and See also:political obstacles. As in the See also:case of Navarre, he was too See also:wise to See also:launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of See also:Corbeil, with See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IX., signed the 11th of May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with the See also:French king, and contented himself with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated French claims to the overlordship of See also:Catalonia. During the remaining twenty years of his life, James was much concerned in warring with the See also:Moors in See also:Murcia, not on his own See also:account, but oq behalf of his son-in-See also:law Alphonso the Wise of Castile. As a legislator and organizer he occupies a high See also:place among the See also:Spanish See also:kings. He would probably have been more successful but for the confusion caused by the disputes in his own See also:household. James, though orthodox and pious, had an ample See also:share of moral laxity. After repudiating Leonora of Castile he married See also:Yolande (in Spanish Violante) daughter of See also:Andrew IT. of See also:Hungary, who had a considerable See also:influence over him. But she could not prevent him from continuing a See also:long See also:series of intrigues. The favour he showed his bastards led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernan See also:Sanchez, who had behaved with See also:gross ingratitude and See also:treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Pedro, the old king recorded his grim See also:satisfaction. At the See also:close of his life King James divided his states between his sons by Yolande of Hungary, Pedro and James, leaving the Spanish possessions on the mainland to the first, the Balearic Islands and the lordship of Montpellier to the second—a See also:division which inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. The king See also:fell very See also:ill at See also:Alcira, and resigned his See also:crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but died at Valencia on the 27th of See also:July 1276.
King James was the author of a See also:chronicle of his own life, written or dictated apparently at different times, which is a very See also:fine example of autobiographical literature. A See also:translation into See also:English by J. See also:Forster, with notes by See also:Don Pascual de Gayangos, was published in See also:London in 1883. See also James I. of Aragon, by F. See also:Darwin See also:Swift (See also:Clarendon See also:Press, 1894), in which are many references to authorities.
End of Article: JAMES I
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