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world of men." The commentaries on the Jalakas (i. 52, 54), and on a parallel passage in the Majjhima (J.R.A.S., 1895, p. 767), tell us that the See also:

MOTHER

mother of the future Buddha was on her way from Kapilavastu (Kapilavatthu), the See also:

capital of the Sakiyas, to her mother's See also:

home at Devadaha, the capital of the adjoining tribe, the Koliyas, to be confined there. Her pains came upon her on the way, and she turned aside into this grove, which See also:

lay not far from Devadaha, 'and gave birth there to her son. All later Buddhist accounts, whether Pali or See also:

SANSKRIT

Sanskrit, repeat the same See also:

story. A collection of legends about See also:

ASOKA

Asoka, included in the Divyavadana, a See also:

WORK

work composed probably in the 1st or 2nd See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., tells us (pp. 389, 390) how Asoka, the Buddhist See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, visited the traditional site of this grove, under the guidance of Upagupta. This must have been about 248 B.C. Upagupta (Tissa: see PALI) himself also mentions the site in his Kalha Vatthu (p. 559).

The See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese pilgrims, Fa Hien and Hsuan Tsang, visiting See also:

India in the 5th and 7th centuries A.D., were shown the site; and the latter (ed. Watters, ii. 15-19) mentions that he saw there an Asoka See also:

PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar, with a See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse on the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, which had been split, when Hsuan Tsang saw it, by See also:

LIGHTNING

lightning. This pillar was re-discovered under the following circumstances. The existence, a few See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles beyond the Nepalese frontier, of an inscribed pillar had been known for some years when, in 1895, the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of another inscribed pillar at Nigliva, near by, led to the belief that this other, hitherto neglected, one must also be an Asoka pillar, and very probably the one mentioned by Hsuan Tsang. At the See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

government the Nepalese government had the pillar, which was See also:

HALF

half - buried, excavated for examination; and Dr nihrer, then in the employ of the Archaeological Survey, arrived soon after-wards at the spot. The See also:

stone was split into two portions, apparently by lightning, and was inscribed with Pali characters as used in the See also:

time of Asoka. Squeezes of the inscription were sent to See also:

EUROPE

Europe, where various scholars discussed the meaning, which is as follows: " His See also:

MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty, Piyadassi, came here in the Zest See also:

YEAR

year of his reign and paid reverence. And on the ground that the Buddha,, the Sakiya See also:

SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage, was born here, he (the See also:

king) had a flawless stone cut, and put up a pillar. And further, since the Exalted One was born in it, he reduced See also:

taxation in the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Lumbini, and established the dues at one-eighth See also:

PART

part (of the See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop)." The inscription, having been buried for so many centuries beneath the See also:

SOIL

soil, is in perfect preservation. The letters, about an See also:

INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in height, have been clearly and deeply cut in the stone. No one of them is doubtful.

But two words are new, and scholars are not agreed in their See also:

INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of them. These are the See also:

ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective vigaJabhi applied to the stone, and rendered in our-See also:

TRANSLATION

translation " flawless "; and secondly, the last word, rendered in our translation " one-eighth part (of the crop)." Fortunately these words are of See also:

minor importance for the See also:

HISTORICAL

historical value of this priceless document. The date, the twenty-first year after the formal See also:

CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of Asoka, would be 248 B.C. The name Piyadassi is the See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official epithet always used by Asoka in his See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions when speaking of himself. The inscription confirms in every respect the Buddhist story, and makes it certain that, at the time when it was put up, the tradition now handed down in the books was current at the spot. Any further inference that the birth really took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place there is See also:

MATTER

matter of See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability on which opinions will differ. The grove is situate about 3 M. See also:

north of Bhagwanpur, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

TOWN

town of a See also:

DISTRICT

district of the same name in the extreme See also:

south of See also:

NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal, just over the frontier dividing Nepal from the district of See also:

BASTI

Basti in See also:

BRITISH

British territory. It is now called Rummin-dei, i.e. the See also:

SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of the goddess of Rummin, a name no doubt derived from the ancient name Lumbini. There is a small shrine at the spot, containing a bas-See also:

RELIEF

relief representing the birth of the Buddha. But the Buddha is now forgotten there, and the bas-relief is reverenced only for the figure of the mother, who has been turned into a tutelary deity of the place. Except so far as the excavation of the pillar is concerned the site has not been explored, and four small stupas there (already noticed by Hsuan Tsang) have not been opened. 429.

See also ibid. (1895), pp. 751 ff.; (1897) pp. 615, 644; F1898) pp. 199-203; A. See also:

Barth in the See also:

Journal See also:

des savants (See also:

Paris, 1897) ; R. Pischel in Sitzungsberichteder konigl. preussischenAkademie for the 9th See also:

JULY

July 1903; See also:

BABU

Babu P. Mukherji, See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report on a Tour of Exploration of the Antiquities in the Terai (See also:

CALCUTTA

Calcutta, 1903) ; V. A. See also:

Smith in Indian See also:

ANTIQUARY

Antiquary (Bombay, 1905). (T. W.

R. D.) LUMP-SUCKER, or Lum'-See also:

FISH (Cycloplerus lumpus), a marine fish,,which with another British genus (Liparis) and a few other genera forms a small See also:

FAMILY

family (Cyclopteridae). Like many littoral fishes of other families, the lump-suckers have the ventral fins See also:

UNITED

united into a circular See also:

CONCAVE

concave disk, which, acting as a sucker, enables them to attach themselves firmly to rocks or stones. The See also:

BODY

body (properly so called) is See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and thick, with a thick and scaleless skin, covered with rough tubercles, the larger of which are arranged in four See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series along each See also:

side of the body. The first dorsal fin is almost entirely concealed by the skin, appearing merely as a lump on the back. The lump-sucker inhabits the coasts of both sides of the North See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic; it is not rare on the British coasts, but becomes more See also:

COMMON

common farther north. It is so sluggish in its habits that individuals have been caught with See also:

sea-See also:

WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed growing on their backs. In the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the fish approaches the shores to spawn, clearing out a hollow on a stony bottom in which it deposits an immense quantity of See also:

PINK

pink-coloured ova. Fishermen assert that the male watches the spawn until the See also:

young are hatched, a statement which receives See also:

CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation from the fact that the allied gobies, or at least some of them, take similar care of their progeny. The See also:

VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular name, "See also:

COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock and See also:

hen See also:

PADDLE

paddle," given to the lump-fish on some parts of the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, is probably expressive of the difference between the two sexes in their outward See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, the male being only half or one-third the See also:

SIZE

size of the See also:

FEMALE

female, and assuming during the spawning See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season a See also:

bright See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue coloration, with red on the See also:

LOWER

lower parts. This fish is generally not esteemed as See also:

food, but See also:

FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

Faber (Fische Islands, p. 53) states that the Icelanders consider the flesh of the male as a delicacy.' The bones are so soft, and contain so little inorganic matter, that the old ichthyologists placed the lump-sucker among the cartilaginous fishes.

End of Article: LUMBINI

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