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MCGIFFERT

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 231 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MCGIFFERT ,. See also:

ARTHUR See also:CUSHMAN (1861– ), See also:American theologian, was See also:born in Sauquoit, New See also:York, on the 4th of See also:March 1861, the son of a Presbyterian clergyman of Scotch descent. He graduated at Western Reserve See also:College in 1882 and at See also:Union theological See also:seminary in 1885, studied in See also:Germany (especially under See also:Harnack) in 1885-1887, and in See also:Italy and See also:France in 1888, and in that See also:year received the degree of See also:doctor of See also:philosophy at See also:Marburg. He was instructor (1888–189o) and See also:professor (1890–1893) of See also:church See also:history at See also:Lane theological seminary, and in 1893 became See also:Washburn professor of church history in Union theological seminary, succeeding Dr See also:Philip See also:Schaff. His published See also:work, except occasional See also:critical studies in philosophy, dealt with church history and the history of See also:dogma. His best known publication is a History of See also:Christianity in the Apostolic See also:Age (1897). This See also:book, by its See also:independent See also:criticism and departures from traditionalism, aroused the opposition of the See also:General See also:Assembly of the Presbyterian Church; though the charges brought against McGiffert were dismissed by the See also:Presbytery of New York, to which they had been referred, a trial for See also:heresy seemed inevitable, and McGiffert, in 1900, retired from the Presbyterian See also:ministry and entered the Congregational Church, although he retained his position in Union theological seminary. Among his other publications are: A See also:Dialogue between a See also:Christian and a See also:Jew (1888); a See also:translation (with introduction and notes) of See also:Eusebius's Church History (189o); and The Apostles' Creed (1902), in which he attempted to prove that the old See also:Roman creed was formulated as a protest against the See also:dualism of See also:Marcion and his denial of the reality of Jesus's See also:life on See also:earth. McGILLIVRAY, See also:ALEXANDER (c. 1739–1793), American See also:Indian See also:chief, was born near the site of the See also:present Wetumpka, in See also:Alabama. His See also:father was a Scotch See also:merchant and his See also:mother the daughter of a See also:French officer and an Indian "princess." Through his father's relatives in See also:South Carolina, McGillivray received a See also:good See also:education, but at the age of seventeen, after a See also:short experience as a merchant in See also:Savannah and See also:Pensacola, he returned to the Muscogee See also:Indians, who elected him chief. He retained his connexion with business life as a member of the See also:British See also:firm of Panton, See also:Forbes & See also:Leslie of Pensacola.

During the See also:

War of See also:Independence, as a See also:colonel in the British See also:army, he incited his followers to attack the western frontiers of See also:Georgia and the Carolinas. Georgia confiscated some of his See also:property, and after the See also:peace of 1783 McGillivray remained hostile. Though still retaining his British See also:commission, he accepted one from See also:Spain, and during the See also:remainder of his life used his See also:influence to prevent American See also:settlement in the south-See also:west. So important was he considered that in 1790 See also:President See also:Washington sent an See also:agent who induced him to visit New York. Here he was persuaded to make peace in See also:consideration of a brigadier-general's commission and See also:payment for the property confiscated by Georgia; and with the warriors who accompanied him he signed a formal treaty of peace and friendship on the 7th of See also:August. He then went back to the Indian See also:country, and remained hostile to the Americans until his See also:death. He was one of the ablest Indian leaders of See also:America and at one See also:time wielded See also:great See also:power—having 5000 to 10,000 armed followers. In See also:order to serve Indian interests he played off British, See also:Spanish and American interests against one another, but before he died he saw that he was fighting in a losing cause, and, changing his policy, endeavoured to provide for the training of the Muscogees in the See also:white See also:man's See also:civilization. McGillivray was polished in See also:manners, of cultivated See also:intellect, was a shrewd merchant, and a successful speculator; but he had many See also:savage traits, being noted for his treachery, craftiness and love of barbaric display. (W. L.

End of Article: MCGIFFERT

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