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PLATED WARE

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Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 805 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PLATED See also:

WARE , articles chiefly intended for table use consisting of an inferior See also:metal or alloy covered by one of the See also:precious metals, with the See also:object of giving them the See also:appearance of See also:gold or See also:silver. Before the introduction of electro-plating the method employed for silver-plating (the invention of which in 1742 is associated with the name of See also:Thomas See also:Bolsover, of See also:Sheffield) was to fuse or See also:burn together, by a See also:flux of See also:borax, a thin See also:sheet of silver on each See also:side of an See also:ingot of See also:base metal, generally See also:copper, or See also:German silver, which is an alloy of copper. The silver plates were firmly wired to the ingot, which was then placed in a heated See also:furnace and brought nearly to the fusing-point of the silver. The See also:artisan knew the exact moment to withdraw the ingot. When See also:cold it was rolled down to a sheet, and from such sheets " silver-plated " articles were made. Articles like dish-covers were originally only silver-plated on one side, and after being worked into shape were tinned inside with pure See also:tin. In See also:Birmingham See also:bar-copper was the base metal used; when See also:bare of silver this showed See also:blood-red. The Sheffield manufacturers, on the other See also:hand, used shot-copper mixed with See also:brass (an alloy of copper and See also:zinc) in the proportion of 4 or 6 to 1. In this way they got rid of the redness of the copper and rendered it harder, and their product is the " old Sheffield See also:plate " (q.v.) that has become famous all over the See also:world. This method of plating rapidly declined with the introduction of the newer See also:process of electro-plating (q.v.), by which it has been superseded. Plating with See also:nickel is extensively used for bedsteads and other articles of upholstery, and for various parts of bicycles, See also:steam-See also:ships, railway carriages, &c. See also:Steel sheets are also plated with nickel for cooking purposes, and See also:iron is plated with brass.

PLATEN-HALLERMUND, See also:

AUGUST, See also:GRAF VON (1796-1835), German poet and dramatist, was See also:born on the 24th of See also:October 1796 at See also:Ansbach, the son of the Oberforstsneister in the little principality of that name. The latter, together with other Franconian principalities, having shortly after his See also:birth become incorporated with See also:Bavaria, he entered the school of cadets (Kadettenhaus) in See also:Munich, where he showed See also:early promise of poetical See also:talent. In 1810 he passed into the royal school of pages (konigliche Pagerie), and in 1814 was appointed See also:lieutenant in the See also:regiment of Bavarian See also:life-See also:guards. With it he took See also:part in the See also:short See also:campaign in See also:France of 1815, being in See also:bivouac for several months near See also:Mannheim and in the See also:department of the See also:Yonne. He saw no fighting, however, and returned See also:home with his regiment towards the See also:close of the same See also:year. Possessed of an intense See also:desire for study, and finding See also:garrison life distasteful and irksome, he obtained a See also:long leave of See also:absence, and after a tour in See also:Switzerland and the Bavarian See also:Alps, entered the university of Wiirzburg in 1818 as a student of See also:philosophy and See also:philology. In the following year he migrated to that of See also:Erlangen, where he sat at the feet of F. W. J. von See also:Schelling, and became one of his most enthusiastic admirers. As a result of his See also:Oriental studies he published a little See also:volume of poems—Ghaselen (1821), each consisting of ten to twenty verses, in which he imitates the See also:style of See also:Ruckert; Lyrische Bldtter (1821); Spiegel der Hasis (1822); Vermischte Schriften (1822); and Neue Ghaselen (1823). These productions attracted the See also:attention of eminent men of letters, among them See also:Goethe, both by See also:reason of their contents, which breathe the spirit of the See also:East, and also of the purity and elegance of their See also:form and diction. Though he was at first influenced by the school of Romanticism, and particularly by See also:Spanish See also:models, yet the plays written during his university life. at Erlangen, Der glaserne Pantoffel, Der Schatz See also:des Rlzampsinit, Berengar, Treue um Treue, Der See also:Turin mit sieben Pforten, show a clearness of See also:plot and expression See also:foreign to the Romantic style.

His antagonism to the literature of his See also:

day became more and more pronounced, and he vented his indignation at the want of See also:art shown by the later Romanticists, the inanity of the lyricists, and the See also:bad See also:taste of the so-called See also:fate tragedies (Schicksalstragodien), in the witty " Aristophanic " comedies See also:Die verhangnisvolle See also:Gabel (1826) and Der romantische See also:Oedipus (1828). The want of See also:interest, amounting even to hostility, with which Platen's See also:enthusiasm for the purity and dignity of See also:poetry was received in many See also:literary circles in See also:Germany increased the poet's indignation and disgust. In 1826 he visited See also:Italy, which he henceforth made his home, living at See also:Florence, See also:Rome and See also:Naples. His means were slender, but, though frequently necessitous, he See also:felt happy in the life he had chosen, that of a wandering See also:rhapsodist." Der romantische Oedipus earned for him the See also:bitter enmity of Karl See also:Immermann and Heinrich See also:Heine, and in the literary See also:feud which ensued Heine launched the most baseless calumnies at the poet, which had the effect of prejudicing public See also:opinion against him. But he retained many stanch admirers, who delighted in the purity of the subject See also:matter of his productions and their beauty of form and diction. In Naples, where he formed the friendship of August See also:Kopisch, the poet and painter, were written his last See also:drama Die Liga von See also:Cambrai (1833) and the delightful epic See also:fairy-See also:tale Die Abbassiden (1830; 1834), besides numerous lyrical poems, odes and See also:ballads. He also essayed See also:historical See also:work in a fragment, Geschichten des Iionigreichs Neapel (1838), without, however, achieving any marked success. In 1832 his See also:father died, and after an absence of eight years Platen returned to Germany for a while, and in the See also:winter of 1832–1833 lived at Munich, where he revised the first See also:complete edition of his poems, Gedichte (1833). In the summer of 1834 he returned to Italy, and, after living in Florence and Naples, proceeded in 1835 to See also:Sicily. Dread of the See also:cholera, which was at that See also:time very prevalent, induced him to move from See also:place to place, and in See also:November of that year he was taken See also:ill at See also:Syracuse, where he died on the 5th of See also:December 1835. Like Heine himself, Platen failed in the drama, but his odes and sonnets, to which must be added his Polenlieder (1831), in which he gives vent to his warm sympathy for the Poles in their rising against the See also:rule of the See also:Tsar, are in See also:language and See also:metre so artistically finished as to See also:rank among the best classical poems of See also:modern times. Platen's Gesammelte Werke were first published in one volume in 1839, and have been frequently reprinted; a convenient edition is that edited by K.

Goedeke in See also:

Cotta's Bibliothek der Weltliteratur (4 vols., 1882). His Tagebuch (1796-1825), was published in its entirety by G. von Laubmann and L. von Scheffler (2 vols., 1896-1900). See J. Minckwitz, Graf Platen als Mensch and Dichter (1838); P. Besson, Platen, etude biographique et littiraire (1894); 0. Greulich, Platens Literaturkonzodien (1901); A. See also:Fries, Platen-Forschungen (1903); and R. Unger, Platen in seinem Verha.ltnis zu Goethe (1903).

End of Article: PLATED WARE

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