Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

STYROLENE, C6H5

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 1060 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

STYROLENE, See also:C6H5 .CH:See also:CH2, also known as phenylethylene or vinylbenzene, an aromatic See also:hydrocarbon found to the extent of I to 4% in storax; it also occurs with crude See also:xylene in See also:coal See also:tar fractions. It may be obtained from storax by See also:distillation with See also:water, and synthetically by See also:heating cinnamic See also:acid with See also:lime, by the See also:action of See also:aluminium chloride on a mixture of vinyl bromide and See also:benzene, by removing the elements of hydrobromic acid from bromethylbenzene by means of alcoholic potash, or, best, by treating f9-bromhydrocinnamic acid with soda, when it yields styrolene, See also:carbon dioxide and hydrobromic acid. It also results on condensing See also:acetylene, and on reducing phenylacetylene by See also:zinc dust and acetic acid. It is a clear, strongly refractive liquid, which has a pleasant odour; it boils at 144° and has a specific gravity of 0.925 at ()a. Styrolene is oxidized by nitric or chromic acids to benzoic acid; reduction gives ethylbenzene; hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids yield a-haloid ethylbenzenes, e.g. C6H5•CHC1'See also:CH3; whilst See also:chlorine and See also:bromine give a$-dihaloid ethylbenzenes,, e.g. C6H5•CHC1-CH2CI. Tauern with the Hochgolling (9390 ft.), the Wolzer See also:Alps with the Predigtstuhl (8349 ft.), the Rottenmanner Tauern with the Grosser Bosenstein (8032 ft.), and the Seckauer Alps or Zinken See also:group, which culminates in the Zinkenkogel (7865 ft.). The See also:principal ramifications of the See also:primitive Alps of See also:Carinthia and See also:Styria are: the Stang Alps with the Konigsstuhl (7646 ft.) and Eisenhut (8007 ft.), the Judenburger or Seethaler Alps with the Zirbitzkogel (7862 ft.), and the Koralpen which culminates in the Grosser Speikkogel (7023 ft.). The Styrian Nieder Alps See also:cover the See also:country See also:north and See also:east of the Mur, and contain the Fischbacher Alps with the Hochlantsch (5646 ft.), the Wechsel group (5700 ft.), and the small Semmering group with the Stuhleck or Spitaler Alpe (5847 ft.), and the Sonnenwendstein (4994 ft.). In this group is the famous Semmering Pass, which leads from See also:Lower See also:Austria into Styria and is crossed by the Semmering railway. This railway, which was completed in 1854, is the See also:oldest of the See also:great See also:continental See also:mountain See also:railways, and is remarkable for its numerous and See also:long tunnels, its viaducts and galleries.

It has a length of 35 m., beginning at Gloggnitz in Lower Austria and ending at Miirzzuschlag in Styria, and passes through some exceedingly beautiful scenery. The whole region is now a favourite summer resort. See also:

South of the See also:Drave Styria is traversed by the following ramifications of the See also:southern See also:zone of the eastern Alps: the Bacher Gebirge with the Cerni Vrch or Schwarzer See also:Berg (5078 ft.), and the Sannthaler or See also:Steiner Alps with the Oistriza (7709 ft.) and the highest See also:peak of the group, the Grintovc or Grintouz (8429 ft.), which is situated on the threefold boundary of Carinthia, See also:Carniola and Styria. Here is also the mountain country of See also:Cilli, with the highest peak, the Wachberg (3364 ft.). The mountains decrease in height from See also:west to east, and the south-east of Styria may be described as hilly rather than mountainous. This See also:part is occupied by the eastern outliers of the Alps, known as the Styrian See also:hill country, and by the Windisch Buheln, which is one of the most renowned See also:vine districts in the whole of Austria. Styria belongs to the See also:watershed of the See also:Danube and its principal See also:rivers are: the See also:Enns with its affluent the See also:Salza, the Raab with the Feistritz, the Mur with the Murz, the Drau or Drave, and the Sau or See also:Save, which receives the Sann and the Sotla. Styria has numerous small Alpine lakes of which the most important are the Grundel-see, the Toplitz-see, and the Leopoldsteiner-see. There is a mean See also:annual difference of about 9° F. between the north-west and the south-east. The best known See also:mineral springs are the alkaline springs of Rohitsch and Gleichenberg, the brine springs of Aussee, and the thermal springs of Tuffer, Neuhaus and Tobelbad. In spite of the irregular nature of the See also:surface, but little of the See also:soil can be called unproductive. Of its See also:total See also:area 47—49% is covered with See also:fine forests.

About 19% is arable See also:

land, 12% pastures, 5.6o% meadows, while 1•o6% is occupied by gardens and 1.4% by vineyards which produce See also:wine of a See also:good quality. See also:Cattle-rearing has taken a great development and also See also:dairy-farming in the Alpine See also:fashion. A good See also:race of horses is bred in the valley of the Enns, while poultry-rearing and See also:bee-keeping are carried on in the south. See also:Fish and See also:game are also plentiful. The great See also:wealth of Styria, however, lies underground. Its extensive See also:iron mines, mostly at Erzberg, which were worked during the See also:Roman See also:period, yield nearly See also:half of the total See also:production of iron in Austria. The principal foundries are at See also:Eisenerz, Vordernberg, Trofaiach, Hieflau, Zeltweg and Neuberg. Next in importance comes the See also:mining of See also:brown coal, which has also been carried on for a long See also:time. The richest coalfields are situated near See also:Leoben, near Voitsberg and Koflach, near Eibiswald and Wies, and See also:round Trifail, Tuffer and Hrastnig. Its other mineral resources include See also:graphite, See also:copper, zinc, See also:lead, See also:salt, See also:alum, See also:potter's See also:clay, See also:marble and good See also:mill and See also:building stones. Iron-foundries, See also:machine-shops and manufactures of various kinds of iron and See also:steel goods are very numerous. A See also:special Styrolene gives origin to three See also:series of derivatives, two of which contain the substituents in the See also:side See also:chain, e.g.

See also:

C6H6•CCI:CH1 or a-compounds, and C6H6•CH:CHCI, or w-compounds, whilst in the third the benzene See also:nucleus is substituted. The a-halogen compounds are obtained by heating styrolene chloride (or bromide) with lime or alcoholic potash; they are liquids which have a penetrating odour, and yield See also:acetophenone when heated with water to 180°. The w-chlor See also:compound results when 14-phenyl-a-chlorlactic acid (from hypochiorous acid and cinnamic acid) is heated with water; it has a hyacinthine odour and yields phenylacetaldehyde when heated with water. Nitrostyrolene results when styrolene is treated with fuming nitric acid. Related to styrolene is phenylacetylene, C6H5.CCH, which results when a-bromstyrolene or acetophenone chloride are heated to 130° with alcoholic potash, or phenylpropiolic acid with water to 120°. It is a liquid, boiling at 139° and having a pleasant odour. It resembles acetylene in yielding metallic derivatives with ammoniacal copper and See also:silver solutions. On See also:solution in sulphuric acid, followed by dilution with water, it yields acetophenone. Stilbene or toluylene, C6H6'CH : CH•CsH5, is symmetrical diphenylethylene. It may be obtained by distilling benzyl sulphide or disulphide, by the action of See also:sodium on See also:benzaldehyde or benzal chloride, by distilling fumaric and cinnamic phenyl See also:esters: C6H5O.00•CH:CH•CO.006H6–3CO2+C6H6•CH:CH•CO-OC6H5– 2CO2 +C6H6•CH : CH•C6H6 (Ber.,18, p.1945), and fromchlorasymmetrical diphenylethane derivatives which undergo a rearrangement when heated (Ber., 7. p. 1409). Stilbene (from Gr. vrt su^, to glisten) crystallizes in large, colourless, glistening See also:monoclinic plates, which melt at 124° and See also:boil at 306°.

On passing the vapour through red-hot tubes it yields See also:

anthracene and See also:toluene. Reduction with hydriodic acid gives dibenzyl, and heating with See also:sulphur gives tetraphenylthiophene or thionessal. Many derivatives are known, some of which exist in two structural forms, exhibiting geometrical See also:isomerism after the mode of fumaric and maleic acids. Those substituted in the benzene nucleus are obtained by condensing two molecules of a substituted benzyl and benzal chlorides. The diortho and dipara dinitro compounds result from the action of alcoholic potash on ortho- and See also:para-nitrobenzyl chlorides. The latter on reduction yields a diamino compound, the disuiphonic acid of which on diazotization and coupling with a phenol, &c., gives valuable substantive See also:cotton dyes after the type yielded by See also:Benzidine. Stilbene bromide when treated with alcoholic potash gives See also:diphenyl acetylene or tolane, C6H5.0 C C6H6.

End of Article: STYROLENE, C6H5

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark) 		[next]
STYX

Site © 2006 - Net Industries