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bay of Guajarg, partially shut off from the Path by several islands and forming the anchorage of the port, and the Para is the estuary mouth of the Tocantins river. The Para is about 20 M. wide here. The city is built on an alluvial forested See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain only a few feet above the level of the river, and its streets usually end at the margin of the impenetrable See also:

FOREST

forest. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is hot and humid, but the temperature and diurnal changes are remarkably See also:

UNIFORM

uniform throughout the See also:

YEAR

year. The See also:

ANNUAL

annual rainfall, according to See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor M. F. Draenert, is 70 in.

(See also:

RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISEE (1830-1905)

Reclus says 120 in.), of which 56 in. are credited to the See also:

RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season (See also:

JANUARY

January to See also:

JUNE

June). H. W. See also:

Bates gives the See also:

AVERAGE

average temperature at 81° F., the minimum at 73°, and the maximum (2 p.m.) at 89° to 94°. These favourable See also:

CLIMATIC

climatic conditions tend to make the city healthy, but through defective drainage, insanitary habits and surroundings, and improper See also:

DIET

diet the See also:

DEATH

death-See also:

RATE

rate is high. The See also:

plan of the city is ?egular and, owing to the See also:

DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of the forest, it has no outlying suburbs. The streets are usually narrow, ftraight and well paved. Among the many public squares and gardens the largest are the Praca Caetano See also:

Brand-do, with a statue of the bishop of that name; the Praca da Independencia, surrounded by See also:

government buildings and having an elaborate See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

General Gurjao; the Praca Visconde do Rio See also:

BRANCO, or PARIMA

Branco, with a statue of Jose da Gama Melchior; the Praca de Baptista See also:

Campos, with artificial cascades, See also:

lake, See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island and winding paths; the Praca da Republica, with a monument representing the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic; and the Praga de Prudente See also:

MORAES, FRANCISCO DE (c. 1500-1572)

Moraes, named in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the first civilian See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of Brazil. Another public outdoor resort is the Bosque, a See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of forest on the outskirts of the city. The public buildings and institutions are in See also:

GREAT

great See also:

PART

part See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of an older regime. The great cruciform See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral, on the Praca Caetano Brand-do, See also:

DATES

dates from the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the '8th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. In the vicinity, facing on the Praga da Independencia, are the government and municipal palaces—built by See also:

order of See also:

POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

Pombal (c.

'766), when See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal contemplated the creation of a great See also:

EMPIRE

empire on the Amazon. The bishop's See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and episcopal See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, near the cathedral, were once the See also:

JESUITS

Jesuits' See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, and the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

house on the See also:

WATER

water-front was once the See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent and See also:

church of the Mercenarios. One of the most notable buildings of the city is the Theatro da Paz (See also:

Peace See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre), which faces upon the Praca da Republica and was built by the government during the second empire. Other noteworthy buildings are the Caridade See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the Misericordia hospital (known as the " See also:

SANTA

Santa Casa "), the military See also:

barracks occupying another old convent, and the See also:

Castello fort, a relic of colonial days. Path has a number of See also:

SCHOOLS

schools and colleges, public and private, of secondary grade, such as the Ateneo Paranense, Instituto Lauro Sodre and Lyceu See also:

Benjamin See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant. There is an exceptionally See also:

FINE

fine museum (Museu Goeldi), with important collections in See also:

ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology, See also:

ETHNOLOGY

ethnology, See also:

ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology and See also:

BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, See also:

DRAWN

drawn from the Amazon valley. The private dwellings are chiefly of the Portuguese one-See also:

STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey type, with red See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile See also:

ROOFS

roofs and thick walls of broken See also:

stone and See also:

MORTAR

mortar, generally plastered outside but sometimes covered with See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

white See also:

LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon tiles. Para is the entrepbt for the Amazon valley and the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal commercial city of See also:

NORTHERN

northern Brazil. It is the headquarters of the Amazon See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation See also:

COMPANY

Company, which owns a See also:

FLEET

fleet of 40 river steamers, of 50o to qoo tons, and sends them up the Amazon to the Peruvian frontier, and up all the large tributaries where trading settlements have been established. Two or three coastwise companies also make See also:

REGULAR

regular calls at this port, and several transatlantic lines afford regular communication with Lisbon, See also:

Liverpool, See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg and New See also:

York. The port is accessible to large steamers, but those of See also:

LIGHT

light draft only can See also:

lie alongside the quays, the larger being obliged to See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor some distance out. Extensive port improvements have been under-taken.

The exports of Path include See also:

RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, cacao, Brazil nuts and a large number of See also:

minor products, such as See also:

ISINGLASS (probably a corruption of the Dutch huisenblas, Ger. Hausenblase, literally " sturgeon's bladder ")

isinglass, See also:

palm fibre, fine See also:

woods, tonka beans, deerskins, See also:

BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam See also:

COPAIBA, or COPAIVA (from Brazilian cupauba)

copaiba, annatto, and other forest products. Path was founded in '6'5 by Francisco Caldeira de Castello-Branco, who commanded a small expedition from See also:

MARANHAO, or MARANHAM (Span. Maranon, the name given to the upper Amazon)

Maranhao sent thither to secure See also:

possession of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country for Portugal and drive out the Dutch and See also:

ENGLISH

English traders. The See also:

settlement, which he named Nossa Senhora de Belem (Our See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady of See also:

Bethlehem), See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew to be one of the most turbulent and ungovernable towns of Brazil. Rivalry with Maranhao, the capital of the Amazon dependencies, slave-See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, and See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversies with the Jesuits who sought to protect the See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians from this See also:

TRAFFIC

traffic, combined to cause agitation. In 164' it had a population of only 400, but it had four monasteries and was already largely interested in the Indian slave traffic. In 1652 the Para territory was made a See also:

SEPARATE

separate capitania, with the See also:

TOWN

town of Path as the capital, but it was reannexed to Maranhao in 1654. The final separation occurred in 1772, and Path again became the capital, continuing as such through all the See also:

POLITICAL

political changes that have since occurred. The bishopric of Path dates from 1723. The popular See also:

MOVEMENT

movement in Portugal in '82o in favour of a constitution and See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (See also:

Cortes) had its See also:

ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo in Path, where in '82' the populace and See also:

garrison joined in creating a government of their own and in sending a deputation to Lisbon. The See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of Brazilian See also:

independence of 1822 and creation of an empire747 under Dom Pedro I. was not accepted by Path, partly because of its influential Portuguese population, and partly through See also:

JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Rio de Janeiro as the centre of political See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. In 1823 a See also:

NAVAL

naval expedition under See also:

Lord Cochrane, then in the service of Brazil, took possession of Maranhao, from which See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the small brig " Dom See also:

MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel " under the command of See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

John Grenfell was sent to Para. This officer conveyed the impression that the whole fleet was behind him, and on the 15th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August the See also:

JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

junta governativa organized in the preceding year surrendered its authority and Para became part of the newly created Brazilian empire.

An uprising against the new government soon occurred, which resulted in the See also:

ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the insurgents, the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of their leaders, and the incarceration of 253 prisoners in the hold of a small See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, where all but four died from suffocation before See also:

MORNING

morning. Conspiracies and revolts followed, and in 1835 an outbreak of the worse elements, made up chiefly of Indians and See also:

HALF

half-breeds, occurred, known as the Revolucao da Cabanagem," which was chiefly directed against the Portuguese, and then against the Freemasons. All whites were compelled to leave the city and take See also:

REFUGE

refuge on neighbouring islands. The Indians and half-breeds obtained the mastery, under the leadership of See also:

Antonio and Francisco Vinagres and Eduardo See also:

ANGELICO, FRA (1387–1455)

Angelico, and plunged the city and neighbouring towns into a state of anarchy, the population being reduced from 25,000 to 15,000. The revolt was overcome in '836, but the city did not recover from its effects until 1848. But the opening of the Amazon to foreign trade in 1867 greatly increased the importance of the city, and its growth has gone forward steadily since that event. (A. J.

End of Article: PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

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