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POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V22, Page 46 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, See also:MARQUESS OF (1699-1782) , Portuguese statesman, was See also:born at Soure near Pomba, on the 13th of May 1699. He was the son of Manoel de Carvalho e Athayde, a See also:country See also:gentleman (fidalgo) and of his wife D. See also:Theresa Luiza de Mendonca e Mello. He studied See also:law at See also:Coimbra University, served for a See also:short See also:time as a private in the See also:army, and afterwards lived the See also:life of a See also:man about See also:town in See also:Lisbon, sharing in the diversions of the " Mohocks " who then infested the streets. In 1733 he abducted and married D. Theresa de Noronha, a widow belonging to one of the most distinguished families in See also:Portugal. He then retired to Soure, where, on the recommendation of See also:Cardinal de Motta, See also:King See also:John V. commissioned him to write a See also:series of See also:biographical studies. In 1739 he was sent as Portuguese See also:ambassador to See also:London, where he remained until 1745. He was then transferred to See also:Vienna. His first wife having died on the 7th of See also:January 1739, he married, on the 18th of See also:December 1745, Leonora Ernestine See also:Daun, daughter of See also:General See also:Count Daun. In 1749 he was recalled to take up the See also:post of secretary of See also:state for See also:foreign affairs and See also:war. The See also:appointment was ratified on the 3rd of See also:August 1750, by King See also:Joseph, who had succeeded John V. in that See also:year.

Carvalho's career from 1750 to 1777 is See also:

part of the See also:history of Portugal. Though he came into See also:power only in his 51st year, without previous administrative experience, he was able to reorganize Portuguese See also:education, See also:finance, the army and the See also:navy. He also built up new See also:industries, promoted the development of See also:Brazil and See also:Macao, and expelled the See also:Jesuits. His See also:complete ascendancy over the mind of King Joseph See also:dates from the time of the See also:great Lisbon See also:earthquake (Nov. 1, 1755). Though the famous words " See also:Bury the dead and feed the living " were probably not spoken by him, they summarize his See also:action at this time of calamity. In See also:June 1759 his suppression of the so-called " Tavora See also:plot " gained for him the See also:title of count of Oeyras; and in See also:September 1770 he was made marquess of Pombal. His severe See also:administration had made many enemies, and his life had been attempted in 1769. Soon after the See also:death of King Joseph, in 1777, Pombal was dismissed from See also:office; and he was only saved from See also:impeachment by the death of his bitterest opponent, the See also:queen-See also:mother, See also:Mariana See also:Victoria, in January 1781. On the 16th of August a royal See also:decree forbade him to reside within twenty leagues of the See also:court. He died at Pombal on the 8th of May 1782. See, in addition to the See also:works dealing with the See also:period 1750-1777 and quoted under PORTUGAL: History; S.J.C.M.

(Pombal), Relacao abrevaada, &c. (See also:

Paris, 1758) ; See also:Memoirs of the Court of Portugal, &c. (London, 1765) ; Anecdotes du ministere de Pombal (See also:Warsaw, 1781) ; Administration du See also:marquis de Pombal (4 vols., See also:Amsterdam, 1787) ; See also:Carus . do marques de Pombal (3 vols., Lisbon, 1820–1824) ; J. See also:Smith, Count of Carnota, Memoirs of the Marquess of Pombal, &c. (London, 1843) ; F. L. Gomes, Le Marquis de Pombal, &c. (Paris, 1869); B. Duhr (S.J.), Pombal, &c. (See also:Freiburg See also:im See also:Breisgau, 1891) ; C. J. de Menezes, Os Jesuitas e o marques de Pombal (See also:Oporto, 1893). See also articles in the Revue See also:des deux mondes for September 1870; the Revue bleue for September 1889, and the Revue historique for September 1895 and January 1896.

End of Article: POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

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