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See also:SURPLICE (See also:Late See also:Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, See also:fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. See also:cotta and Ger. Chorrock, See also:choir coat) , a liturgical vestment of the See also:Christian See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. It is a See also:tunic of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:linen or See also:cotton material, with wide or moderately wide sleeves, reaching—according to the See also:Roman use—barely to the hips and elsewhere in the churches of the Roman communion to the See also:knee It is usually decorated witl*See also:lace, but in See also:modern times—in See also:Germany at least —also with embroidered bordures. The surplice originally reached to the feet, but as See also:early as the 13th See also:century it began to be shortened, though as late as the 15th century it still See also:fell to the See also:middle of the shin, and it was not till the 17th and 18th centuries that it was considerably shortened. More drastic were other modifications which it underwent in course of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in several localities, which led to the See also:appearance of various subsidiary forms alongside of the See also:original type. Such were the sleeveless surplice, which was provided at the sides with holes to put the arms through; the surplice with slit-up arms or lappels (so-called " wings ") instead of sleeves; the surplice of which not only the sleeves but the See also:body of the garment itself were slit up the sides, precisely like the modern See also:dalmatic; and, finally, a sort of surplice in the See also:form of a See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell-shaped See also:mantle, with a hole for the See also:head, which necessitated the arms being See also:stuck out under the hem. The first two of these forms were very early See also:developed; and, in spite of their See also:prohibition by synods here and there (e.g. that of See also:Liege in 1287), they survive in various places to the See also:present See also:day. The latter two only appeared after the See also:close of the middle ages: the first of them in See also:South Germany, the second more especially in See also:Venetia, where its use is attested by numerous pictorial records. As a See also:rule, however, these subsidiary forms of surplice were worn mostly by the See also:lower See also:clergy. They were the result partly of the 'See also:influence of the See also:secular fashions, but more particularly of considerations of convenience.
The surplice belongs to the vestes sacrae, though it requires no See also:benediction. It is proper to all clerics, even to those who have only received the See also:tonsure, the See also:bishop himself vesting with it those who have been newly tonsured by him. Its use in divine service is very varied. It is worn in choir at the See also:solemn offices; it is the See also:official sacral See also:dress of the lower clergy in their liturgical functions; it is worn by the See also:priest when administering the sacraments, undertaking benedictions, and the like; the use of the See also:alb being nowadays almost exclusively confined to the See also:mass and functions connected with this. In See also:general it may be said
that this was, in all See also:main particulars, the See also:custom so early as the 14th century.
The older See also:history of the surplice is obscured by lack of exact See also:information. Its name is derived, as Durandus and Gerland also affirm, from the fact that it was formerly put on over the fur garments which used to he worn in church and at divine service as a See also:protection against the See also:cold. It has been maintained that the surplice was known in the 5th century, the See also:evidence being the garments worn by the two clerics in attendance on Bishop Maximian represented in the mosaics of S. Vitale at See also:Ravenna; in this See also:case, however, the dalmatic has been confused with the surplice. In all See also:probability the surplice is no more than an expansion of the See also:ordinary liturgical alb, due to the See also:necessity for wearing it over thick furs. It is first mentioned in the rith century, in a See also:canon of the See also:synod of Coyaca in See also:Spain (1050) and in an See also:ordinance of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Edward the See also:Confessor. In See also:Rome it was known at least as early as the 12th century. It probably originated outside Rome, and was imported thence into the Roman use. Originally only a choir vestment and See also:peculiar to lower clergy, it gradually—certainly no later than the 13th century —replaced the alb as the vestment proper to the administering of the sacraments and other sacerdotal functions.
In the See also:Oriental See also:rites there is no surplice, nor any analogous vestment. Of the non-Roman Churches in the See also:West the surplice has continued in See also:regular use only in the Lutheran churches of See also:Denmark, See also:Norway and See also:Sweden, and in the Church of See also:England (see below). (J. BRA.)
Church of England.—The surplice was prescribed by the second See also:Prayer-See also:Book of Edward VI., as, with the tippet or the academical See also:hood, the See also:sole vestment of the See also:minister of the church at " all times of their ministration," the See also:rochet being practically regarded as the episcopal surplice. Its use was furiously assailed by the extremer Reformers but, in spite of their efforts, was retained by See also:Elizabeth's See also:Act of Uniformity, and enforced by the advertisements and injunctions issued under her authority, which ordered the " massing See also:vestments " —chasubles, albs, stoles and the like—to be destroyed. It has since remained, with the exception of the See also:cope (q.v.), the sole vestment authorized by See also:law for the ministers, other than bishops, of the Church of England (for the question of the vestments prescribed by the " Ornaments See also:Rubric " see VESTMENTS). Its use has never been confined to clerks in See also:holy orders, and it has been worn since the See also:Reformation by all the " ministers " (including vicars-choral and choristers) of See also:cathedral and collegiate churches, as well as by the See also:fellows and scholars of colleges in See also:chapel. The distinctive See also:mark of the clergy (at least of the more dignified) has been the tippet or See also:scarf above mentioned, a broad See also:band of See also:black See also:silk worn See also:stole-See also:wise, but not to be confused with the stole, since it has no liturgical significance and was originally no more than See also:part of the clerical outdoor dress (see STOLE). The surplice was formerly only worn by the clergy when conducting the service, being exchanged during the See also:sermon for the " black See also:gown," i.e. either a See also:Geneva gown or the gown of an academical degree. This custom has, however, as a result of the High Church See also:movement, fallen almost completely obsolete. The "black gown," considered wrongly as the See also:ensign of See also:Low Church views, survives in comparatively few of even " evangelical " churches; it is still, however, the custom for preachers of university sermons to See also:wear the gown of their degree.
The traditional form of the surplice in the Church of England is that which survived from pre-Reformation times, viz. a wide-sleeved, very full, See also:plain, white linen tunic, pleated from the yoke, and reaching almost, or quite, to the feet. Towards the end of the 17th century, when large wigs came into See also:fashion, it came for convenience to be constructed gown-wise, open down the front and buttoned at the See also:neck, a fashion which still partially survives, notably at the See also:universities. In general, however, the tendency has been, under See also:continental influence, to curtail its proportions. The ample vestment with beautiful falling folds has thus in many churches given See also:place to a scanty, unpleated garment scarce reaching to the knee. In. the more " extreme "churches the surplices are See also:frank imitations of the Roman cotta. (W. A. P.) SURRENDER, in law, a mode of See also:alienation of real See also:estate. It is defined by See also:Lord See also:Coke to be " the yielding up of an estate for See also:life or years to him that hath an immediate estate in reversion or See also:remainder " (Coke upon See also:Littleton, 337 b). It is the converse of See also:release, which is a See also:conveyance by the reversioner or remainder-See also:man to the See also:tenant of the particular estate. A surrender is the usual means of effecting the alienation of copyholds. The surrender is made to the lord, who grants admittance to the purchaser, an entry of the surrender and admittance being made upon the See also:court rolls. Formerly a devise of copyholds could only have been made by surrender to the use of the testator's will followed by admittance of the devisee. The See also:Wills Act of 1837 now allows the devisee of copyholds without surrender, though admittance of the devisee is still necessary. A surrender must, since the Real See also:Property Act 1845, be by See also:deed, except in the case of copyholds and of surrender by operation of law. Surrender of the latter See also:kind generally takes place by See also:merger, that is, the See also:combination of the greater and less estate by descent or other means without the act of the party (see REMAINDER). In Scots law surrender in the case of a See also:lease is represented by renunciation. The nearest approach to surrender of a See also:copyhold is resignation in remanentiam (to the lord) or resignation in favorem (to a purchaser). These modes of conveyance were practically superseded by the simpler forms introduced by the See also:Conveyancing Act 1874.
End of Article: SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)
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