Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
UXOR ET
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: TUM-VAN
del.icio.us it!
|
UXOR ET LIBERI enjoyed also by the exercises of Aelius See also:Theon (of uncertain date; see THEON). (See further the See also:editions of the Rhetores Graeci by L. Spengel and by Ch. Wa1z.) During the first four centuries of the See also:empire the practice of the See also:art was in greater See also:vogue than ever before or since. First, Praaice there was a See also:general dearth of the higher intellectual of Rhet- interests: politics gave no See also:scope to See also:energy; See also:philosophy oric was stagnant, and literature, as a See also:rule, either arid or wider the frivolous. Then the See also:Greek See also:schools had poured their Empire. rhetoricians into See also:Rome, where the same tastes which revelled in coarse luxury welcomed See also:tawdry declamation. The See also:law-courts of the See also:Roman provinces further created a continual demand for forensic speaking. The public teacher The "So- of See also:rhetoric was called " sophist," which was now an phists." See also:academic See also:title, similar to " See also:professor " or " See also:doctor." In the 4th See also:century B.C. Isocrates had taken See also:pride in the name of tro$toTT1]s, which, indeed, had at no See also:time wholly lost the See also:good, or neutral, sense which originally belonged to it. The academic meaning which it acquired under the See also:early empire lasted into the See also:middle ages (see Du Cange, s.v., who quotes from Baldricus, " Egregius Doctor magnusque Sophista Geraldus "). While the word rhetor still denoted the See also:faculty, the word sophistes denoted the See also:office or See also:rank to which the rhetor might See also:hope to rise. So See also:Lucian (" Teacher of Rhetoricians," § I) says: " You ask, See also:young See also:man, how you are to become a rhetor, and attain in your turn to the repute of that most impressive and illustrious title, sophist." Lucian also satirizes the discussions of the nature of rhetoric in his See also:parody the See also:Parasite (cf. also his Bis Accusatus). See also:Vespasian (70–79 A.D.), according to Suetonius, was the first See also:emperor who gave a public endowment to the teaching of rhetoric. Under See also:Hadrian and the Antonines (A.D. II7–18o) Chairs of the public chairs of rhetoric became See also:objects of the Rhetoric highest ambition. The See also:complete constitution of the schools at See also:Athens was due to See also:Marcus Aurelius. The Philosophical school had four chairs (Opovot)—Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic, Epicurean. The Rhetorical school had two chairs, one for " sophistic," the other for " See also:political " rhetoric. By " sophistic " was meant the academic teaching of rhetoric as an art, in distinction from its " political " application to the law-courts. The " sophistical " See also:chair was See also:superior to the " political " in dignity as in emolument, and its occupant was invested with a See also:jurisdiction over the youth of Athens similar to that of the See also:vice-See also:chancellor in a See also:modern university. The Antonines further encouraged rhetoric by granting immunities to its teachers. Three See also:sophists " in each of the smaller towns, and five in the larger, were exempted from 'See also:taxation (Dig. See also:xxvii. 1, 6, .§ 2). The wealthier sophists affected much See also:personal splendour. Polemon (c. A.D. 130) and See also:Adrian of See also:Tyre. (c. A.D. 170) are famous examples of extravagant display. The aim of the sophist was to impress the multitude. His whole stockin-See also:trade was See also:style, and this was directed to astonishing by See also:tours Dec/de force. The scholastic declamations were chiefly of bons. two classes. (I) The suasoriae were usually on See also:historical or legendary subjects, in which some .course of See also:action was commended or censured (cf. Juv. Sat.). These suasoriae belonged to deliberative rhetoric (the i3ovXeurzKOv yfpor, deliberativum genus). (2) The controversiae turned especially on legal issues, and represented the forensic rhetoric (btKaptsbe yivos, judiciale genus). But it was the general characteristic of this See also:period that all subjects, though formally " deliberative " or " forensic," were treated in the style and spirit of that third See also:branch which See also:Aristotle distinguished, the rhetoric of iri&et.ts or " display." The See also:oratory produced by the See also:age of the academic sophists can be estimated from a large extant literature. It is shown under various aspects, and presumably at its best, by such writers as Dio See also:Chrysostom at the end of the 1st century, Aelius See also:Aristides (see ARISTIDES, AELIUS) in the and, the See also:chief rhetorician under the Antonines, See also:Themistius, See also:Himerius and See also:Libanius in the 4th. Amid much which is
Rhetoric at the See also:Universities.
" The only See also:advantage of See also:celibacy and childlessness is in See also:case of See also:exile."
This is quite in the spirit of Aristotle's See also:treatise. The popularity enjoyed by See also:Blair's Rhetoric in the latter See also:part of the 18th and the earlier part of the 19th century was merited rather by the See also:form than by the See also:matter. See also: " He who marries, and has children, has given hostages to See also:fortune." " The See also:immortality of brutes is in their progeny; of men, in their fame, services; and institutions." " Regard for the family too often overrides regard for the state." ratp-ucii ri?Tls); (3) style; (4) elocution, or delivery. But when it is thus urged that " All a rhetorician's rules But See also:teach him how to name his tools," the See also:assumption is tacitly made that an accurate nomenclature and See also:classification of these tools must be devoid of See also:practical use. The conditions of modern See also:life, and especially the invention of See also:printing, have to some extent diminished the importance which belonged in antiquity to the art of speaking, though modern democratic politics and forensic conditions still make it one which may be cultivated with advantage. Among more modern See also:works are J. See also:Bascom, Philosophy of Rhetoric (New See also:York, 1885) ; and numerous books on See also:voice culture, gesture and elocution. For See also:ancient rhetoric see See also:Sir R. C. See also:Jebb's See also:translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric (ed. J. E. See also:Sandys, 1909), and his See also:Attic Orators (1876); also Spengel, Artium Scriptores (1828); Westermann, Gesch. der Beredtsamkeit (1833–35;) See also:Cope, in the See also:Cambridge See also:Journal of Classical and Sacred See also:Philology (1855–5) ; introductions to See also:Cicero's De Oratore (A. S. See also:Wilkins) and Orator (J. E. Sandys); Volkmann, See also:Die Rhetorik der Griechen and Romer in See also:system. Ubersicht (ed. 2, 1885). (R. C. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] UXBRIDGE |
[next] UZES |