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bed Ivan appointed Boris one of the guardians of his son and successor; for Theodore, despite his seven-and-twenty years, was of somewhat weak See also:

INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect. The reign of Theodore began with a See also:

REBELLION

rebellion in favour of the See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant tsarevich See also:

DEMETRIUS

Demetrius, the son of Ivan's fifth wife See also:

MARIE

Marie Nagaya, a rebellion resulting in the banishment of Demetrius, with his See also:

MOTHER

mother and her relations, to their See also:

APPANAGE, or APANAGE (a French word from the late Lat. apanagium, formed from apanare, i.e. panem porrigere, to give bread, i.e. sustenance)

appanage at See also:

UGLICH

Uglich. On the occasion of the tsar's See also:

CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation (May 31, 1584), Boris was loaded with honours and riches, yet he held but the second See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the regency during the See also:

LIFE

life-See also:

time of his co-See also:

GUARDIAN

guardian Nikita Romanovich, on whose death, in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, he was See also:

LEFT

left without any serious See also:

RIVAL

rival. A See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy against him of all the other See also:

GREAT

great boyars and the See also:

METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan Dionysy, which sought to break Boris' See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by divorcing the tsar from Godunov's childless sister, only ended in the banishment or tonsuring of the malcontents. Henceforth Godunov was omnipotent. The direction of affairs passed entirely into his hands, and he corresponded with See also:

FOREIGN

foreign princes as their equal.

His policy was generally pacific, but always most prudent. In 1595 he recovered from See also:

Sweden the towns lost during the former reign. Five years previously he had defeated a Tatar See also:

RAID

raid upon See also:

Moscow, for which service he received the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of sluga, ' See also:

BROUGH, ROBERT (1872-1905)

Brough, Mine See also:

SURVEYING

Surveying, pp. 276-278; Marriott, Trans. Inst. See also:

MINING

Mining and Metallurgy, vol. xiv. p. 255.an obsolete dignity even higher than that of boyar. Towards See also:

TURKEY

Turkey he maintained an See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent attitude, supporting an See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction in the See also:

CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, and furnishing the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor with subsidies in his See also:

war against the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan. Godunov encouraged See also:

ENGLISH

English merchants to See also:

trade with See also:

Russia by exempting them from tolls. He civilized the See also:

north-eastern and See also:

south-eastern See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders of Muscovy by See also:

BUILDING

building numerous towns and fortresses to keep the Tatar and Finnic tribes in See also:

order. See also:

SAMARA

Samara, See also:

SARATOV

Saratov, and See also:

TSARITSYN

Tsaritsyn and a whole See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of lesser towns derive from him. He also re-colonized See also:

SIBERIA

Siberia, which had been slipping from the grasp of Muscovy, and formed scores of new settlements, including See also:

TOBOLSK

Tobolsk and other large centres.

It was during his See also:

government that the See also:

MUSCOVITE

Muscovite See also:

church received its patriarchate, which placed it on an equality with the other Eastern churches and emancipated it from the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the metropolitan of See also:

Kiev. Boris' most important domestic reform was the See also:

UKAZ, or UKASE (Russ., from ukazat, a shortened form of ukazlivat, to show, announce, prescribe)

ukaz (1587) forbidding the peasantry to See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer themselves from one landowner to another, thus binding them to the See also:

SOIL

soil. The See also:

OBJECT

object of this See also:

ordinance was to secure See also:

revenue, but it led to the institution of See also:

SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom in its most grinding See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form. The.sudden death of the tsarevich Demetrius at Uglich (May 15, 1591) has commonly been attributed to Boris, because it cleared his way to the See also:

THRONE

throne; but this is no clear See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he was See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person-ally concerned in that tragedy. The same may be said of the many, often absurd, accusations subsequently brought against him by jealous rivals or ignorant contemporaries who hated Godunov's reforms as novelties. On the death of the childless tsar Theodore (See also:

JANUARY

January 7, 1598), self-preservation quite as much as ambition constrained Boris to seize the throne. Had he not done so, lifelong seclusion in a monastery would have been his lightest See also:

FATE

fate. His See also:

election was proposed by the See also:

PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch See also:

Job, who acted on the conviction that Boris was the one See also:

man capable of See also:

COPING (from " cope," Lat. capa)

coping with the extraordinary difficulties of an unexampled situation. Boris, however, would only accept the throne from a Zemsky Sobor, or See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, which met on the 17th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February, and unanimously elected him on the 21st. On the 1st of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September he was solemnly crowned tsar. During the first years of his reign he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled the See also:

PEOPLE

people excellently well. Enlightened as he was, he fully recognized the intellectual inferiority of Russia as compared with the See also:

West, and did his utmost to bring about a better See also:

state of things.

He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a great See also:

scale, the first to send See also:

young Russians abroad to be educated, the first to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. He also See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of a Baltic seaboard, and attempted to obtain See also:

LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia by See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians, in order to intermarry if possible with foreign royal houses, so as to increase the dignity of his own See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty. That Boris was one of the greatest of the Muscovite tsars there can be no doubt. But his great qualities were overbalanced by an incurable suspiciousness, which made it impossible for him to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act cordially with those about him. His fear of possible pretenders induced him to go so far as to forbid the greatest of the boyars to marry. He also encouraged informers and persecuted suspects on their unsupported statements. The See also:

ROMANOV

Romanov family in especial suffered severely from these delations. Boris died suddenly (See also:

APRIL

April 13, 1605), leaving one son, Theodore II., who succeeded him for a few months and then was foully murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs. See See also:

PLATON, LEVSHIN (1737-1812)

Platon Vasilievich Pavlov, On the See also:

HISTORICAL

Historical Significance of the Reign of Boris Godunov (Rus.) (Moscow, 185o) ; Sergyei Mikhailivich Solovev, See also:

HISTORY

History of Russia (Rus.) (2nd ed., vols. vii.-viii., St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1897). (R. N.

End of Article: BORIS FEDOROVICH GODUNOV

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