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See also:FRANCIS II ., See also:prince of Transylvania (1676-1735), was See also:born at Borsi, Zemplen See also:county, on the 27th of See also:March 1676. Having lost his See also:father during See also:infancy, he was educated under the guardianship of his heroic See also:mother, See also:Helen See also:Zrinyi, in an ultra-patriotic Magyar environment, though the See also:Emperor See also:Leopold I. claimed a See also:share in his tutelage. In 1682 his mother wedded Imre Thokoly, who took no See also:part in the See also:education of Rakbczy, but used him for his See also:political purposes. Unfortunately his stepfather's speculations suffered shipwreck, and Rakbczy lost the greater part of his estates. It is said that the imperialistsrobbed him of I,000,000 florins' See also:worth of See also:plate and supported a whole See also:army See also:corps out of his revenues (1683-85). As a See also:child of twelve he witnessed the heroic See also:defence by his mother of his ancestral See also:castle of See also:Munkacs against See also:Count See also:Antonio Caraffa (d. 1693). On its surrender (See also:Jan. 7, 1688) the child was transferred to See also:Vienna that he might be isolated from the Hungarian nation and brought up as an See also:Austrian See also:magnate. See also:Cardinal Kollonics, the sworn enemy of Magyar separatism, now became his See also:governor, and sent him to the Jesuit See also:college at Neuhaus in Bohemia. In 1690 he completed his course at See also:Prague, and in 1694 he married Maria Amelia of See also:Hesse-Rheinfels, and lived for the next few years on his Hungarian estates. At this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time Rak6czy's See also:birth, See also:rank, See also:wealth and brilliant qualities made him the natural See also:leader of the Magyar nation, and his name was freely used in all the insurrections of the See also:period, though at first he led a See also:life of the utmost circumspection (1697-1700). See also:Hungary was then regarded at Vienna as a conquered See also:realm, whose naturally rebellious inhabitants could only be kept under by force of arms. Kollonics was the supreme ruler of the See also:kingdom, and his See also:motto was " Make of the Magyar first a slave, then a See also:beggar, and then a See also:Catholic." It was a See also:matter of life or See also:death for the See also:Magyars to resist such a reign of terror and See also:save the See also:national See also:independence by making Hungary See also:independent of See also:Austria as heretofore. R6.k6czy and a few other patriotic magnates deeply sympathized with the sufferings of the nation, and on the See also:eve of the See also:war of the See also:Spanish See also:Succession they entered into See also:correspondence with See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. for assistance through one Longueval, a Belgian See also:general in the Austrian service, who professed to be a friend of the Rak6czyans, who initiated him into all their secrets. Longueval betrayed his See also:trust, and Rak6czy was arrested and imprisoned at See also:Eperjes. His wife saved him from certain death by enabling him to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape to See also:Poland in the See also:uniform of a See also:dragoon officer. On the 18th of See also:June 1703 he openly took up arms against the emperor, most of whose troops were now either on the See also:Rhine or in upper See also:Italy; but, unfortunately, the Magyar gentry stood aloof from the rising, and his See also:ill-supported See also:peasant levies (the Kuruczes) were repeatedly scattered. Yet at first he had some success, and on the 26th of See also:September was able to write to Louis XIV. that the whole kingdom up to the See also:Danube was in his See also:power. He also issued his famous manifesto, Recrudescunt vulnera inclytae gentis Hungariae, to justify himself in the eyes of See also:Europe. The See also:battle of See also:Blenheim made any -See also:direct help from See also:France impossible, and on the 13th of June 1704 his little army of 7000 men was routed by the imperialists at Koronco and subsequently at See also:Nagyszombat. Want of arms, See also:money, native See also:officers and See also:infantry, made, indeed, any permanent success in the open See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field impossible. Nevertheless, in May 1705, when the Emperor Leopold I. was succeeded by See also:Joseph I., the position of Rak6czy was at least respectable. With the aid of several eminent See also:French officers and See also:engineers he had drilled his army into some degree of efficiency, and had at his disposal 52 See also:horse and 31 See also:foot regiments. Even after the rout of Pudmerics (Aug. II, 1705), he could put See also:Ioo,000 men in the field. In September 1705 he was also able to hold a See also:diet at Szecseny, attended by many nobles and some prelates, to See also:settle the See also:government of the See also:country.
Rakbczy, who had already been elected Prince of Transylvania (See also:July 6, 1704), now surrounded himself with a See also:council of See also:state of 24 members. The religious question caused him especial difficulty. An ardent Catholic himself, nine-tenths of his followers were nevertheless stern Calvinists, and in his efforts to secure them See also:toleration he alienated the See also:pope, who dissuaded Louis XIV. from assisting him. See also:Peace negotiations with the emperor during 1705 came to nothing, because the See also:court of Vienna would not acknowledge the independence of Transylvania, while France refused to recognize the rebels officially till they had formally proclaimed the deposition of the Habsburgs, which last desperate measure was actually accomplished by the ()nod diet on the 13th of June 1707. This was a fatal See also:mistake, for it put an end to any See also:hope of a See also:corn-promise, and alienated both the emperor's See also:foreign See also:allies and the
See also:majority of the Magyar gentry, while from Louis XIV. Rak6czy only got See also:loo,000 thalers, the See also:Golden Fleece, and a promise (never kept) that the Hungarians should be included in the general peace. But into a direct See also:alliance with Rak6czy the French See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king would not enter, and Laszl6 Vetesi, Rak6czy's See also:envoy at See also:Versailles, in 1708 advised his See also:master to See also:place no further reliance on the French court. Shortly afterwards, at Trencsen (Aug 3, 1708), Rak6czy's army was scattered to the winds. The rout of Trencsen was followed by a general See also:- ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")
abandonment. The remnant of the See also:host, too, was now thoroughly demoralized and dared not See also:face the imperialists. A fresh See also:attempt to renew the war in 1710 was speedily ruined by the disaster of Romhany (Jan. 22), and a desperate effort to secure the help of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter the See also:Great also failing, Rak6czy gave up everything for lost, and on the 21st of See also:February 1711 quitted his country for ever, refusing to accept the general See also:amnesty conceded after the peace of Szatmar (see HUNGARY, See also:History). He lived for a time in France on the See also:bounty of Louis XIV., finally entering the Carmelite See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order. In 1717, with See also:forty comrades, he volunteered to assist the See also:Turks against the Austrians, but on arriving at See also:Constantinople discovered there was nothing for him to do. He lived for the See also:rest of his life at the little See also:town of Rodost6, where he died on the 8th of See also:April 1735. His remains were solemnly transferred to Hungary in 1907 at the expense of the state.
See Autobiography of Prince Francis Rdkoczy (Hung.) (Miskolez, 1903); E. Jurkovich, The Liberation See also:Wars of Prince Francis Rdkoczy (Hung.) (Beszterczebanya, 1903); S. Endrodi, Kurucz Notes, 17oo-1720 (Hung.) (See also:Budapest, 1897). (R. N.
End of Article: FRANCIS II
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