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great difficulties that followed the defeat of Novi. When Moreau, in 1800, was appointed to the command of the army of the Rhine, Gouvion St-Cyr was named his See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, and on the 9th of May gained a victory over General Kray at See also:

BIBERACH

Biberach. He was not, however, on See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms with his See also:

COMMANDER

commander and retired to See also:

France after the first operations of the campaign. In 18or he was sent to See also:

Spain to command the army intended for the invasion of See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal, and was named See also:

GRAND

grand officer of the See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour. When a treaty of See also:

peace was shortly afterwards concluded with Portugal, he succeeded Lucien See also:

BONAPARTE

Bonaparte as See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at See also:

MADRID

Madrid. In 1803 he was appointed to the command of an army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps in Italy, in 18o5 he served with distinction under Massena, and in 18o6 was engaged in the campaign in .See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Italy.

He took See also:

PART

part in the Prussian and See also:

POLISH

Polish See also:

CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 1807, and in 18o8, in which yeaf he was made a See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, he commanded an army corps in See also:

CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia; but, not wishing to comply with certain orders he received from Paris (for which see See also:

OMAN

Oman, See also:

PENINSULAR

Peninsular See also:

War, vol. iii.), he resigned his command and remained in disgrace till 1811. He was still a general of division, having been excluded from the first See also:

list of marshals owing to his See also:

ACTION

action in refusing to See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence the troops in favour of the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

EMPIRE

Empire. On the opening of the See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian campaign he received command of an army corps, and on the 18th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1812 obtained a victory over the Russians at See also:

POLOTSK

Polotsk, in recognition of which he was created a marshal of France. He received a severe See also:

WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound in one of the actions during the general retreat. St-Cyr distinguished himself at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

DRESDEN

Dresden (August 26-27, 1813), and in the See also:

defence of that See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place against the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies after the battle of See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, capitulating only on the Irth of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, when See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon had retreated to the Rhine. On the restoration of the Bourbons he was created a peer of France, and in See also:

JULY

July 1815 was appointed war See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, but resigned his See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in the November following. In See also:

JUNE

June 1817 he was appointed minister of marine, and in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September following again resumed the duties of war minister, which he continued to See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge till November 1819. During this See also:

time he effected many reforms, particularly in respect of See also:

MEASURES

measures tending to make the army a See also:

NATIONAL

national rather than a dynastic force. He exerted himself also to safeguard the rights of the old soldiers of the Empire, organized the general staff and revised the See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code of military See also:

law and the See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension regulations. He was made a See also:

marquess in 1817. He died at See also:

HYERES

Hyeres (.See also:

Var) on the 17th of See also:

March 183o: Gouvion St-Cyr would doubtless have obtained better opportunities of acquiring distinction had he shown himself more blindly devoted to the interests of Napoleon, but Napoleon paid him the high compliment of referring to his " military See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius," and entrusted him with See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent commands in secondary theatres of war. It is doubtful, however, if he possessed See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy commensurate with his skill, and in Napoleon's See also:

MODERN

modern conception of war, as three parts moral to one technical, there was more need forthe services of a bold See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of troops whose " See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine "—to use the modern phrase—predisposed him to self-sacrificing and vigorous action, than for a savant in the See also:

art of war of the type of St-Cyr.

Contemporary See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, as reflected by See also:

MARBOT, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE MARCELIN, BARON DE (1782-18J4)

Marbot, did See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to his " commanding talents," but remarked the indolence which was the outward sign of the vague complexity of a mind that had passed beyond the simplicity of mediocrity without attaining the simplicity of genius. He was the author of the following See also:

WORKS

works, all of the highest value: See also:

Journal See also:

des operations de l'armee de See also:

CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue en i8o8 et 2809 (Paris, 1821); Memoires sur See also:

les campagnes des armees de Rhin et de Rhin-et-Moselle de 2794 a 2797 (Paris, 1829) ; and Memoires pour servir a l'histoire militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat, et l'Empire (1831). See See also:

Gay de See also:

Vernon's See also:

Vie de Gouvion Saint-Cyr (1857).

End of Article: GOUVION

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