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See also:MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina) , a See also:Christian See also:people of the See also:Ottoman See also:Empire in communion with the Papal See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, but forming a distinct See also:denomination. The See also:original seat and See also:present See also:home of the See also:nucleus of the Maronites is Mt See also:Lebanon; but they are also to be found in considerable force in See also:Anti-Lebanon and See also:Hermon, and more sporadically in and near See also:Antioch, in See also:Galilee, and on the Syrian See also:coast. Colonies exist in See also:Cyprus (with a large See also:convent near Cape Kormakiti), in See also:Alexandria, and in the See also:United States of See also:America. These began to be formed during the troubles of 186o. The Lebanon community See also:numbers about 300,000, and the See also:total of the whole denomination cannot be much under See also:half a million.
The origin of Maronism has been much obscured by the efforts of learned Maronites like Yusuf as-Simani (Assemanus), Vatican librarian under See also:Clement XII., Faustus Nairon, See also:Gabriel Sionita and See also:Abraham See also:Ecchellensis to clear its See also:history from all taint of See also:heresy. We are told of an See also:early Antiochene, See also:Mar Marun or Maro, who died about A.D. 400 in the odour of sanctity in a convent at Rihla on the See also:Orontes, whence orthodoxy spread over See also:mid-See also:Syria. But nothing sure is known of him, and not much more about a more See also:historical personage, Yuhanna Marun (See also:John Sirimensis of Suedia), said to have been See also:patriarch of Antioch, to have converted Lebanon from Monothelism, and to have died in A.D. 707. It is, however, certain that the Lebanon Christians as a whole were not orthodox in the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of Justinian II., against whose supporters, the Melkites, they ranged themselves after having co-operated awhile with the See also:emperor against the Moslems. They were then called Mardaites or rebels, and were mainly Monothelite in the 12th See also:century, and remained largely so even a century later. The last two facts are attested by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of See also:Tyre and Barhebraeus. It seems most probable that the Lebanon offered See also:refuge to Antiochene See also:Monothelites flying from the See also:ban of the Constantinopolitan See also:Council of A.D, 68o; that these converted See also:part of the old See also:mountain folk, who alreadyheld some See also:kind of Incarnationist creed; and that their first patriarch and his successors, for about 500 years at any See also:rate, were Monothelite, and perhaps also Monophysite. It is See also:worth noting that even as See also:late as the See also:close of the 16th century the Maronite patriarch found it necessary to protest by See also:anathema against imputations of heresy. In 1182 it is said that Amaury, patriarch of Antioch, induced some Maronite bishops, who had fallen under crusading influences, to rally to See also:Rome; and a definite See also:acceptance of the Maronite Church into the See also:Roman communion took See also:place at the Council of See also:Florence in 1445. But it is evident that the See also:local particularism of the Lebanon was adverse to this See also:union, and that even See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XIII., who sent the See also:pallium to the patriarch See also:Michael, and Clement VII. who in 1596 dispatched a See also:mission to a See also:synod convoked at Kannobin, the old patriarchal See also:residence, did not prevail on the See also:lower See also:clergy or the See also:mass of the Maronites. A century and a half later Clement XII. was more successful. He sent to Syria, Assemanus, a Maronite educated at the Roman See also:college of Gregory XIII.; and at last, at a council held at the monastery of Lowaizi on the 3oth of See also:September 1736, the Maronite Church accepted from Rome a constitution which is still in force, and agreed to abandon some of its more incongruous usages such as mixed convents of monks and nuns. It retained, however, its See also:Syriac See also:liturgy and a non-celibate priesthood'. The former still persists unchanged, while the See also:Bible is read and exhortations are given in Arabic; and priests may still be ordained after See also:marriage. But marriage is not permitted subsequent to ordination, nor does it any longer usually precede it. The tendency to a celibate clergy increases, together with other romanizing usages, promoted by the papal See also:legate in See also:Beirut, the See also:Catholic missioners, and the higher native clergy who are usually educated in Rome or at St Sulpice. The legate exercises growing See also:influence on patriarchal and other elections, and on Church See also:government and discipline. The patriarch receives See also:confirmation from Rome, and the See also:political See also:representation of the Maronites at See also:Constantinople is in the hands of the See also:vicar apostolic. Rome has incorporated most of the Maronite See also:saints in her See also:calendar, while refusing (despite their apologists) to canonize either of the reputed See also:eponymous founders of Maronism.
While retaining many local usages, the Maronite Church does not differ now in anything essential from the Papal, either in See also:dogma or practice. It has, like the See also:Greek Church, two kinds of clergy—parochial and monastic. The former are supported by their parishes; the latter by the revenues of the monasteries, which own about one-See also:sixth of the Lebanon lands. There are some 1400 monks in about 120 monastic establishments (many of these being See also:mere farms in See also:charge of one or two monks). All are of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of St See also:Anthony, but divided into three congregations, the Ishaya, the Halebiyeh (Aleppine) and the Beladiyeh or Libnaniyeh (local). The distinction of the last named See also:dates only from the early 18th century. The lower clergy are educated at the theological college of See also:Ain Warka. There are five archbishoprics and five bishoprics under the patriarch, who alone can consecrate. The See also:sees are See also:Aleppo, See also:Baalbek, See also:Tripoli, Ehden, See also:Damascus, Beirut, Tyre, Cyprus and See also:Jebeil (held by the patriarch himself ex officio). There are also four prelates in partibus.
The Maronites are most numerous and unmixed in the See also:north of Lebanon (districts of Bsherreh and Kesrawan). Formerly they were wholly organized on a See also:clan See also:system under feudal chiefs, of whom those of the See also:house of Khazin were the most powerful; and these fought among themselves rather than with the See also:Druses or other denominations down to the 18th century, when the Arab See also:family of Shehab for its own purposes began to stir up strife between Maronites and. Druses (see DRUSES). See also:Feudalism died hard, but since 186o has been practically See also:extinct; and so far as the Maronites own a See also:chief of their own people it is the " Patriarch of Antioch and the whole See also:East," who resides at Bkerkeh near Beirut in See also:winter, and at a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill station (Bdiman or Raifun) in summer. The latter, however, has no recognized See also:jurisdiction except over his clergy. The Maronites have four members on the provincial council, two of whom are the See also:sole representatives of the two mudirats of Kesrawan; and they have derived benefit from the fact that so far the See also:governor of the privileged See also:province has always been a Catholic (see LEBANON). The See also:French See also:protection of them, which dates
from See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., is no longer operative but to French See also:official representatives is still accorded a courteous See also:precedence. The Maronite See also:population has greatly increased at the expense of the Druses, and is now obliged to emigrate in considerable numbers. Increase of See also:wealth and the influence of returned emigrants tend to soften Maronite See also:character, and the last remnants of the barbarous See also:state of the community—even the obstinate See also:blood-See also:feud—are disappearing.
See C. F. Schnurrer, De See also:ecclesia Maronitica (181o); F. J. See also:Bliss in See also:Pal. Expl.
End of Article: MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)
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