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kind of office. But it lies where the office is of a public nature and created by statute, even though it is not an encroachment upon the prerogative of the Crown.

Where the usurpation is of a municipal office the information is regulated by 9 See also:

Anne c. 25 (1711), under which the defendant may be fined and judgment of See also:

OUSTER (from Anglo-Fr. ouster, to remove, take away, O. Fr. oster, mod. Fr. oter, Eng. " oust," to eject, exclude; the derivation is not known; Lat. obstare, to stand in the way of, resist, would give the form but does not suit the sense; a more probable

ouster given against him, and See also:

COSTS

costs may be granted for or against the relator. Such an information must, in the See also:

case of boroughs within the Municipal Corporations See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1882, be brought within twelve months after disqualification (s. 225); in the case of other boroughs, within six years after the defendant first took upon himself the office (32 Geo. III. c. 58, s. 2). The information in the nature of a quo warranto, though nominally a criminal, has See also:

long been really a See also:

CIVIL

civil proceeding, and has recently been expressly declared to be so (Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1884, s. 15). In cases not falling within q Anne c. 25, judgment of ouster is slot usually given. The most famous See also:

HISTORICAL

historical instance of quo warranto was the See also:

ACTION

action taken against the See also:

CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of See also:

LONDON

London by See also:

Charles II. in 1684.

The King's Bench adjudged the See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter and franchises of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London to be forfeited to the Crown (See also:

State Trials, vol. viii. 1039). This judgment was reversed by 2 Will. & See also:

Mary, sess. 1, c. 8; and it was further enacted, in See also:

LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of the prerogative, that the franchises of the city should never be seized or forejudged on pretence of any forfeiture or See also:

MISDEMEANOUR (from O. Fr. mes- and demener, to conduct oneself ill)

misdemeanour. In See also:

Scotland the analogous procedure is by action of See also:

DECLARATOR

declarator. In the See also:

UNITED

United States the right to a public office is tried by quo warranto or similar procedure, regulated by the state See also:

LAWS

laws. Proceedings by quo warranto lie in a United States court for the removal of persons holding office contrary to See also:

art. xiv. s. 3 of the Amendments to the Constitution (act of the 31st of May 187o, C. 14). R THE twentieth See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in the Phoenician See also:

ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, the nineteenth in the numerical See also:

Greek, the seventeenth in the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Greek and the Latin and (owing to the addition of J) the eighteenth in the English.

Its earliest form in the Phoenician alphabet when written from right to See also:

LEFT

left was A , thus resembling the See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol for D with one See also:

side of the triangle prolonged. In Aramaic and other Semitic scripts which were modified by opening the heads of the letters, the symbol in time became very much changed. Greek, however, maintained the See also:

ORIGINAL

original form with slight See also:

variations from See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place. Not infrequently in the Greek alphabets of See also:

ASIA

Asia See also:

Minor and occasionally also in the See also:

West, R was written as D, thus introducing a confusion with D (q.v.). Elsewhere a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tail was added, as occasionally in the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Melos, in See also:

ATTICA

Attica and in western See also:

GREECE

Greece, but nowhere does this seem to have been universal. The earliest Latin forms are exactly like the Greek. Thus in the very early See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions found in the See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum in 1899 R appears as q (from right to left), P and D (from left to right). Later the forms R and R come in; sometimes the back is not quite connected in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle to the upright, when the form R is produced. The name of the Semitic symbol is Resh; why it was called by the Greeks Rho (pf) is not clear. The h which accompanies r in the transliteration of Greek p, indicates that it was breathed, not voiced, in See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation. No consonant varies more in pronunciation than r. According to Brockelmann, the original Semitic r was probably a trilled r, i.e. an r produced by allowing the tip of the See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue to vibrate behind the See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth while the upper See also:

SURFACE

surface of the tongue is pressed against the sockets of the teeth.

The ordinary English r is also produced against the sockets of the teeth, but without trilling; another r, also untrilled, which is found in various parts of the See also:

south of See also:

England, is produced by turning up the tip of the tongue behind the sockets of the teeth till the tongue acquires something of a See also:

SPOON (O. Eng. span, a chip or splinter of wood, cf. Du. spoon, Ger. Spahn, in same sense, probably related to Gr. r4 v, wedge)

spoon shape. This, which is also See also:

COMMON

common in the See also:

LANGUAGES

languages of modern See also:

India, is called the cerebral or cacuminal r, the former See also:

TERM

term, which has no meaning in this connexion, being only a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad See also:

TRANSLATION

translation of a Sanscrit term. The common See also:

German r is produced by vibrations of the uvula at the end of the soft See also:

PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate, and hence is called the uvular r. There are also many other varieties of this See also:

sound. In many languages r is able to form syllables by itself, in the same way that 1, m, n may do, as in the English brittle (See also:

BRILL

brill), written (ritn). In See also:

EUROPE

Europe r with this value is most conspicuous in See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic languages like Bohemian (See also:

CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech) and Croatian; in English r in this See also:

FUNCTION

function is replaced by a genuine vowel in words like See also:

MOTHER

mother (See also:

man). This syllabic r is first recorded for Sanscrit, where it is common, but is replaced in the languages descended from Sanscrit by r and a vowel or by a vowel only, according to the position in which it occurs. Most philologists are of See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that syllabic r existed also in the mother-tongue of the Indo-See also:

EUROPEAN

European languages. (P.

End of Article: QUO WARRANTO

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