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THOMAS HOWARD

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 744 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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THOMAS See also:HOWARD , 4th See also:duke (1536-1572), son of See also:Henry Howard, See also:earl of See also:Surrey, was See also:born on the Loth of See also:March 1536. His See also:tutor was See also:John See also:Foxe, the martyrologist. Soon after See also:Elizabeth became See also:queen in 1558 she sent the See also:young duke to take See also:part in the See also:war against the Scots and their See also:French See also:allies, but the conclusion of the treaty of See also:Edinburgh in See also:July 156o enabled him to return to the See also:court in See also:London. Having married and lost three wives, all ladies of See also:wealth and position, See also:Norfolk was regarded as a suitable See also:husband for See also:Mary queen of Scots, who had just taken See also:refuge in See also:England. He presided over the See also:commission appointed by Elizabeth to inquire into the relations between the Scottish queen and her subjects; and although he appears to have believed in Mary's See also:guilt he was anxious to marry her. Among the Scots See also:Maitland of Lethington favoured the proposed See also:union; Mary herself consented to it; but Norfolk was unwilling to take up arms, and while he delayed Elizabeth ordered his See also:arrest and he was taken to See also:prison in See also:October 1569. In See also:August 1570, after the suppression of the rising in the See also:north of England, the duke was released; but he entered into communication with See also:Philip II. of See also:Spain regarding the proposed invasion of England by the Spaniards. After some hesitation Norfolk placed himself at the See also:head of the conspirators; and in return for his services he asked the See also:king of Spain " to approve of my own See also:marriage with the Queen of Scots." But the See also:plot failed; Norfolk's treachery was revealed to See also:Lord See also:Burghley, and in See also:September 1571 he was arrested. He was beheaded on the 2nd of See also:June 1572. It is noteworthy that he always regarded himself as a See also:Protestant. Norfolk's first wife, Mary (154o-1557), daughter and heiress of Henry Fitzalan, 12th earl of See also:Arundel, See also:bore him a son, Philip, who in consequence of his See also:father's See also:attainder was not allowed to succeed to the dukedom of Norfolk, but became 13th earl of Artindel in See also:succession to his maternal grandfather in 1580. Norfolk See also:left two other sons, Thomas Howard, created earl of See also:Suffolk in 1603, and Lord See also:William Howard (q.v.).

In 166o the dukedom was restored by See also:

act of See also:parliament to THOMAS HOWARD, 4th earl of Arundel (1627-1677), a descendant of the 4th duke. The 5th duke was succeeded by his See also:brother Henry (1628-1684), the friend of John See also:Evelyn, who had been already created earl of See also:Norwich; in 1672 he was made earl See also:marshal, and this dignity was entailed on his male heirs.

End of Article: THOMAS HOWARD

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