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Lima, in 12° 04' S., 77° 13' W. Pop. (1905) 31,128, of whom 3349 were foreigners. The department includes the city and its environs, Bellavista and La Punta, and the neighbouring islands, See also:

San Lorenzo, Fronton, the Palominos, &c., and covers an See also:

AREA

area of 141 sq. m. Callao is the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal port of the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, its See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour being a large See also:

bay sheltered by a See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue of See also:

LAND

land on the See also:

south called La Punta, and by the islands of San Lorenzo and Fronton. The anchorage is See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and safe, and the harbour is one of the best on the Pacific coast of South See also:

AMERICA

America. The city stands on the south See also:

side of the bay, and is built on a See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat point of land only 8 ft. above See also:

sea-level. The houses are for the most See also:

PART

part See also:

low and cheaply built, and the streets are narrow, badly paved, irregular and dirty. The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is good and the coast is swept by cool ocean breezes, the See also:

AVERAGE

average temperatures ranging from 65° to 77° F., but notwithstanding this, Callao has a See also:

BAD, BCD

bad reputation for fevers and contagious diseases, chiefly because of its insanitary See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition. Its noteworthy public buildings are the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

house and its storehouses which occupy the old quadrangular fortress built by the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

government between 1770 and 1775, and See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover 15 acres; the prefecture, the military and See also:

NAVAL

naval offices and See also:

barracks, the See also:

POST

post-See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, three See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches, a See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, three clubs and some See also:

MODERN

modern commercial houses. The See also:

PRESENT

present city is See also:

HALF

half a mile See also:

north of the site of the old See also:

TOWN

town, which was destroyed by an See also:

EARTHQUAKE

earthquake and tidal See also:

WAVE

wave in 1746. For a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

time the commercial interests of the stricken city centred at Bellavista, 14 m. See also:

east, where See also:

wheat See also:

GRANARIES

granaries were built and still remain, but later the greater convenience of a waterside site See also:

drew the merchants and See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population back to the vicinity of the submerged town.

The importance of Callao in colonial times, when it was the only open port south of See also:

PANAMA

Panama, did not continue under the new See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

order, because of the unsettled See also:

state of public affairs and the loss of its See also:

MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly. This decline in its prosperity was checked, and the modern development of the port began, when a railway was built from Callao into the See also:

heart of the See also:

ANDES

Andes, and Callao is now an important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the development of See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-See also:

MINING

mining. The port is connected with Lima by two See also:

RAILWAYS

railways and an electric See also:

TRAMWAY

tramway, with Oroya by railway 138 M. See also:

long, and with Cerro de Pasco by railway 221 M. A short railway also runs from the port to the Bellavista storehouses. The port is provided with modern harbour improvements, consisting of sea-walls of See also:

concrete blocks, two See also:

FINE

fine docks with berthing spaces for 30 large vessels, and a large floating-See also:

DOCK

dock (300 ft. long on the blocks and capable of receiving vessels up to 21 ft. See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught and 5000 tons See also:

WEIGHT

weight), which was built in See also:

GLASGOW

Glasgow and was sent out to Callao in 1863. The docks are provided with See also:

gas and electric See also:

LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights, 18 See also:

steam See also:

CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes for loading and discharging vessels, a triple See also:

LINE

line of railway and a See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of fresh See also:

WATER

water. Callao was formerly the See also:

head-quarters in South America of the Pacific Steam See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation Co., Ltd. (incorporated 1840), but See also:

VALPARAISO

Valparaiso now occupies that position. There are, owing perhaps to the proximity of Lima, few See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments in the city; among them are a large See also:

SUGAR

sugar refinery, some See also:

FLOUR

flour-See also:

mills, a brewery, a factory for making effervescent drinks, and a number of foundries and repair shops. Being a port of the first class, Callao is an important distributing centre for the See also:

COASTING

coasting See also:

trade, in which a large number of small vessels are engaged. The See also:

FOREIGN

foreign steam-See also:

SHIP

ship companies making it a See also:

REGULAR

regular port of See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call are the Pacific Steam Navigation Co. (See also:

BRITISH

British), the Compania Sud-America (Chilean), the Kosmos and See also:

Roland lines (See also:

German), the Merchants line (New See also:

York), and a See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese line from the ports of See also:

JAPAN

Japan and See also:

CHINA

China.

A subsidized Peruvian line is also contemplated to ply between the Pacific ports of South America with an eventual See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the service to See also:

EUROPE

Europe. The arrivals from and clearances for foreign ports in 1907 were as follows: Steamers. ,Sailing Vessels. No. See also:

TONNAGE

Tonnage. No. Tonnage. Arrivals 518 937,302 924 174,165 Clearances . 517 937,706 931 163,365 The exports from Callao are See also:

GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano, sugar, See also:

cotton, See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, hides, See also:

SILVER

silver, copper, See also:

gold and See also:

FOREST

forest products, and the imports include See also:

TIMBER

timber and other See also:

BUILDING

building materials, cotton and other textiles, See also:

general merchandise for See also:

PERSONAL

personal, See also:

HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household and industrial uses, railway material, See also:

COAL

coal, kerosene, wheat, flour and other See also:

food stuffs. The See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of See also:

peace and order, and the mining development of the interior, have added to the trade and prosperity of the port. The See also:

HISTORY

history of Callao has been exceptionally eventful. It was founded in 1537, two years after See also:

PIZARRO, FRANCISCO (c. 1471 or 1475-1541)

Pizarro had founded Lima.

As the port of that See also:

capital and the only open port below Panama it See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew rapidly in importance and See also:

WEALTH

wealth. It was raised to the dignity of a city in 167r. The See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

Sir See also:

Francis See also:

Drake in the bay in 1578 led to the fortification of the port, which proved strong enough to repel an attack by the Dutch in 1624. The city was completely destroyed and partly submerged by the See also:

GREAT

great earthquake of the 28th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1746, in which about 6000 persons perished. The new city was strongly fortified and figured prominently in the struggle for See also:

independence, and also in the various revolutions which have convulsed the republic. Its political See also:

AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy See also:

DATES

dates from 1836, when it was made a coast department. The Callao fortifications were bombarded by a Spanish See also:

FLEET

fleet under See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral Mendez See also:

NUNEZ, PEDRO (PETRUS NoNlUS) (1492—1577)

Nunez on the 2nd of May 1866, when there were heavy losses both in lives and material. Again, in 188o, the city wasbombarded by the Chileans, though it was almost defenceless, and See also:

fell into the See also:

possession of the invaders after the See also:

CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Lima in the following See also:

YEAR

year. Before the surrender all the Peruvian naval vessels in the harbour were sunk, to prevent their falling into the possession of the enemy.

End of Article: CALLAO

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