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See also:CHARLES II . [CHARLES Louts DE See also:BOURBON] (1799-1883), See also:duke of See also:Parma, succeeded his See also:mother, Maria Louisa, duchess of See also:Lucca, as duke of Lucca in 1824. He introduced See also:economy into the See also:administration, increased the See also:schools, and in 1832 as a reaction against the bigotry of the priests and monks with which his mother had surrounded him, he became a See also:Protestant. He at first evinced Liberal tendencies, gave See also:asylum to the Modenese See also:political refugees of 1831, and was indeed suspected of being a Carbonaro. But his profligacy and eccentricities soon made him the laughing-stock of See also:Italy. In 1842 he returned to the See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church and made See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
Ward, an See also:English See also:groom, his See also:prime See also:minister; a See also:man not without ability and tact. Charles gradually abandoned all his Liberal ideas, and in 1847 declared himself hostile to the reforms introduced by See also:Pius IX. The Lucchesi demanded the constitution of 18o5, promised them by the treaty of See also:Vienna, and a See also:national guard, but the duke, in spite of the warnings of Ward, refused all concessions. A few See also:weeks later he retired to See also:Modena, selling his See also:life-See also:interest
in the duchy to See also:Tuscany. On the 17th of See also:October Maria Louisa of See also:Austria, duchess of Parma, died, and Charles See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis succeeded to her See also:throne by the terms of the See also:Florence treaty, assuming the See also:style of Charles IL His administration of Parma was characterized by ruinous See also:finance, debts, disorder and increased See also:taxation, and he concluded an offensive and defensive See also:alliance with Austria. But on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 there were riots in his See also:capital (19th of See also:March), and he declared his readiness to throw in his See also:lot with Charles See also:Albert, the See also:pope, and See also:Leopold of Tuscany, repudiated the See also:Austrian treaty and promised a constitution. Then he again changed his mind, abdicated in See also:April, and See also:left Parma in the hands of a provisional See also:government, whereupon the See also:people voted for See also:union with See also:Piedmont. After the See also:armistice between Charles Albert and Austria (See also:August 1848) the Austrian See also:general Thum occupied the duchy, and Charles II. issued an See also:edict from Weistropp annulling the acts of the See also:pro-visional government. When Piedmont attacked Austria again in 1849, Parma was evacuated, but reoccupied by General d'Aspre in April.
In May 1849 Charles confirmed his See also:abdication, and was succeeded by his son CHARLES III. (1823-1854), who, protected by Austrian troops, placed Parma under See also:martial See also:law, inflicted heavy penalties on the members of the See also:late provisional government, closed the university, and instituted a See also:regular policy of persecution. A violent ruler, a drunkard and a libertine, he was assassinated on the 26th of March 1854. At his See also:death his widow Maria Louisa, See also:sister of the See also:comte de See also:Chambord, became See also:regent, during the minority of his son See also:Robert. The duchess introduced some sort of See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order into the administration, seemed inclined to See also:rule more mildly and dismissed some of her See also:husband's more See also:obnoxious ministers, but the riots of the Mazzinians in See also:July 1854 were repressed with ruthless severity, and the See also:rest of her reign was characterized by political trials, executions and imprisonments, to which the revolutionists replied with assassinations.
End of Article: CHARLES II
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