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See also:CHARLES IA . (1550-1611), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustavus See also:Vasa and Margareto Lejonhufrud. By his See also:father's will he got, by way of See also:appanage, the duchy of Sodermanland, which included the provinces of Nerik6 and Vermland; but he did not come into actual See also:possession of them till after the fall of See also:Eric XIV. (1569). In 1568 he was the real See also:leader of the See also:rebellion against Eric, but took no See also:part in the designs of his See also:brother See also:John against the unhappy king after his deposition. Indeed, Charles's relations with John III. were always more or less strained. He had no sympathy with John's high-See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church tendencies on the one See also:hand, and he sturdily resisted all the king's endeavours to restrict his authority as See also:duke of Sodermanland (Sudermania) on the other. The See also:nobility and the See also:majority of the Riksdag supported John, however, in his endeavours to unify the See also:realm, and Charles had consequently (1587) to resign his pretensions to See also:autonomy within his duchy; but, fanatical Calvinist as he was, on the religious question he was immovable. The See also:matter came to a crisis on the See also:death of John III. (1592)• The See also:heir to the See also:throne was John's eldest son, See also:Sigismund, already king of See also:Poland and a devoted See also:Catholic. The fear lest Sigismund might re-catholicize the See also:land alarmed the See also:Protestant majority in Sweden, and Charles came forward as their See also:champion, and also as the defender of the Vasa See also:dynasty against See also:foreign interference. It was due entirely to him that Sigismund was forced to confirm the resolutions of the See also:council of See also:Upsala, thereby recognizing the fact that Sweden was essentially a Protestant See also:state (see SWEDEN: See also:History). In the ensuing years Charles's task was extraordinarily difficult. He had steadily to oppose Sigismund's reactionary tendencies; he had also to curb the nobility, which he did with cruel rigour. See also:Necessity compelled him to See also:work rather with the See also:people than the gentry; hence it was that the Riksdag assumed under his See also:government a See also:power and an importance which it had never possessed before. In 1595 the Riksdag of Soderkoping elected Charles See also:regent, and his See also:attempt to force Klas Flemming, See also:governor of See also:Finland, to submit to his authority, rather than to that of the king, provoked a See also:civil See also:war. Technically Charles was, without doubt, guilty of high See also:treason, and the considerable minority of all classes which adhered to Sigismund on his landing in Sweden in 1598 indisputably behaved like loyal subjects. But Sigismund was both an See also:alien and a heretic to the majority of the See also:Swedish nation, and his formal deposition by the Riksdag in 1599 was, in effect, a natural vindication and legitimation of Charles's position. Finally, the See also:diet of See also:Linkoping (Feb. 24, 1600) declared that Sigismund and his posterity had forfeited the Swedish throne, and, passing over duke John, the second son of John III., a youth of ten, recognized duke Charles as their See also:sovereign under the See also:title of Charles IX.
Charles's See also:short reign was an uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the break up of See also:Russia involved him in two overseas contests for the possession of See also:Livonia and Ingria, while his pretensions to See also:Lapland brought upon him a war with See also:Denmark in the last See also:year of his reign. In all these struggles he was more or less unsuccessful, owing partly to the fact that he had to do with See also:superior generals (e.g. See also:Chodkiewicz and See also:Christian IV.) and partly to sheer See also:ill-See also:luck. Compared with his foreign policy, the domestic policy of Charles IX. was comparatively unimportant. It aimed at confirming and supplementing what had already been done during his regency. Not till the 6th of See also:March 1604, after Duke John had formally renounced his rights to the throne, did Charles IX. begin to See also:style himself king. The first See also:deed in which the title appears is dated the loth of March 1604; but he was not crowned till the 15th of March 1607. Four and a See also:half years later Charles IX. died at See also:Nykoping (Oct. 30, 1611). As a ruler he is the See also:link between his See also:great father and his still greater son. He consolidated the work of Gustavus Vasa, the creation of a great Protestant state: he prepared the way for the erection of the Protestant See also:empire of Gustavus See also:Adolphus. Swedish historians have been excusably indulgent to the father of their greatest ruler. Indisputably Charles was cruel, ungenerous and vindictive; yet he seems, at all hazards, strenuously to have endeavoured to do his See also:duty during a See also:period of See also:political and religious transition, and, despitehis violence and brutality, possessed many of the qualities of a See also:wise and courageous statesman. By his first wife See also:Marie, daughter of the elector See also:palatine See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VI., he had six See also:children, of whom only one daughter, See also:Catherine, survived; by his second wife, See also:Christina, daughter of Adolphus, duke of See also:Holstein-Gottorp, he had five children, including Gustavus Adolphus and Charles See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, duke of Finland.
See Sveriges Historia, vol. iii. (See also:Stockholm, 1878) ; See also:Robert Nisbet See also:Bain, Scandinavia (See also:Cambridge, 1905), caps. 5-7. (R. N.
End of Article: CHARLES IA
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