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See also:CHODKIEWICZ, See also:JAN KAROL (156o-1621) , See also:Polish See also:general, was the son of Hieronymus Chodkiewicz, castellan of Wilna. After being educated at the Wilna See also:academy he went abroad to learn the See also:science of See also:war, fighting in the See also:Spanish service under See also:Alva, and also under See also:Maurice of See also:Nassau. In 1593 he married the wealthy See also:Sophia Mielecka, by whom he had one son who predeceased him. His first military service at See also:home was against the Cossack rising of Nalewajko as See also:lieutenant to See also:Zolkiewski, and he subsequently assisted See also:Zamoyski in his victorious Moldavian See also:campaign. Honours and dignities were now showered upon him. In 1599 he was appointed starosta of Samogitia, and in 1600 acting See also:commander-in-See also:chief of Lithuania. In the war against See also:Sweden for the See also:possession of See also:Livonia he brilliantly distinguished himself, capturing fortress after fortress and repulsing the See also:duke of Sudermania, afterwards See also:Charles IX, from See also:Riga. In 1604 he captured Dorpat, twice defeated the See also:Swedish generals at Bialy Kamien, and was rewarded with the See also:grand See also:baton of Lithuania. Criminally neglected by the See also:diet, which from sheer niggardliness turned a See also:deaf See also:ear to all his See also:requests for reinforcements and for supplies and See also:money to pay his soldiers, Chodkiewicz nevertheless more than held his own against the Swedes. His crowning achievement was the See also:great victory of Kirkholm (Aug. 27th, 1605), when with barely 5000 men he annihilated a threefold larger Swedish See also:army; for which feat he received letters of congratulation from the pqpe, all the See also:Catholic potentates. of See also:Europe, and even from the See also:sultan of See also:Turkey and the shah of See also:Persia. Yet this great victory was absolutely fruitless, owing to the domestic dissensions which prevailed in See also:Poland during the following five years. Chodkiewicz's own army, unpaid for years, abandoned him at last en masse in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to See also:plunder the estates of their See also:political opponents, leaving the grand See also:hetman to carry on the war as best he could with a handful of mercenaries paid out of the pockets of himself and his See also:friends. Chodkiewicz was one of the few magnates who remained loyal to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, and after helping to defeat the rebels in Poland a fresh invasion of Livonia by the Swedes recalled him thither, and once more he relieved Riga besides capturing See also:Pernau. Meanwhile the war with Muscovy See also:broke out, and Chodkiewicz was sent against See also:Moscow with an army of 2000 men—though if there had been a spark of true patriotism in Poland he could easily have marshalled See also:Ioo,000. Moreover, the diet neglected to pay for the See also:maintenance even of this paltry 2000, with the result, that they mutinied and compelled their See also:leader to See also:retreat through the See also:heart of Muscovy to See also:Smolensk. Not till the See also:crown See also:prince. See also:Wladislaus arrived with tardy reinforcements did the war assume a different See also:character, Chodkiewicz opening a new career of victory by taking the fortress of Drohobu in 1617. The See also:Muscovite war had no sooner been ended by the treaty of Deulina than Chodkiewicz was hastily despatched southwards to defend the See also:southern frontier against the See also:Turks, who after the See also:catastrophe of Cecora (see ZOLKIEWSKI) had high hopes of conquering Poland altogether. An army of 16o,000 See also:Turkish veterans led by Sultan See also:Osman in See also:person advanced from See also:Adrianople towards the Polish frontier, but Chodkiewicz crossed the See also:Dnieper in See also:September 1621 and entrenched himself in the fortress of See also:Khotin right in the path of the See also:Ottoman advance. Here for a whole See also:month the Polish See also:hero held the sultan at See also:bay, till the first fall of autumn See also:snow compelled Osman to withdraw
his diminished forces. But the victory was dearly See also:purchased by Poland. A few days before the See also:siege was raised the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (See also:Sept. 24th, 1621).
See See also:Adam Stanislaw Naruszewicz, See also:Life of J. K. Chodkiewicz (Pol.; 4th ed., See also:Cracow, 1857–1858) ; Lukasz Golebiowski, The Moral See also:Side of J. K. Chodkiewicz as indicated by his Letters (Pol.; See also:Warsaw, 1854). (R. N.
End of Article: CHODKIEWICZ, JAN KAROL (156o-1621)
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