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See also:JOHN See also:GEORGE I . (1585-1656), elector of See also:Saxony, second son of the elector See also:Christian I., was See also:born on the 5th of See also:March 1585, succeeding to the electorate in See also:June 1611 on the See also:death of his See also:elder See also:brother, Christian II. The See also:geographical position of electoral Saxony hardly less than her high See also:standing among the See also:German Protestants gave her ruler much importance during the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War. At the beginning of his reign, however, the new elector took up a somewhat detached position. His See also:personal See also:allegiance to Lutheranism was See also:sound, but he liked neither the growing strength of See also:Brandenburg nor the increasing See also:prestige of the See also:Palatinate; the adherence of the other branches of the Saxon ruling See also:house to Protestantism seemed to him to suggest that the See also:head of electoral Saxony should throw his See also:weight into the other See also:scale, and he was prepared to favour the advances of the Habsburgs and the See also:Roman See also:Catholic party. Thus he was easily induced to See also:vote for the See also:election of See also:Ferdinand, See also:archduke of See also:Styria, as See also:emperor in See also:August 1619, an See also:action which nullified the anticipated opposition of the See also:Protestant See also:electors. The new emperor secured the help of John George for the impending See also:campaign in Bohemia by promising that he should be undisturbed in his See also:possession of certain ecclesiastical lands. Carrying out his See also:share of the bargain by occupying See also:Silesia and See also:Lusatia, where he displayed much clemency, the Saxon elector had thus some See also:part in See also:driving See also:Frederick V., elector See also:palatine of the See also:Rhine, from Bohemia and in crushing Protestantism in that See also:country, the See also:crown of which he himself had previously refused. Gradually, however, he was made uneasy by the obvious trend of the imperial policy towards the annihilation of Protestantism, and by a dread lest the ecclesiastical lands should be taken from him; and the issue of the See also:edict of restitution in March 1629 put the See also:coping-See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone to his fears. Still, although clamouring vainly for the exemption of the electorate from the See also:area covered by the edict, John George took no decided See also:measures to break his See also:alliance with the emperor. He did, indeed, in See also:February 1631 See also:call a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting of Protestant princes at See also:Leipzig, but in spite of the appeals of the preacher See also:Matthias See also:- HOE (through Fr. houe from O.H.G. houwd, mod. Ger. Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g. Morthoe, Luton Hoo, the Hoe at Plymouth, &c. ; this is t
- HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886)
Hoe von Hohenegg (1580—1645) he contented himself with a formal protest. Mean-while Gustavus See also:Adolphus had landed in See also:Germany, and the electorhad refused to allow him to See also:cross the See also:Elbe at See also:Wittenberg, thus hindering his See also:attempt to relieve See also:Magdeburg. But John George's reluctance to join the Protestants disappeared when the imperial troops under See also:Tilly began to ravage Saxony, and in See also:September 1631 he concluded an alliance with the See also:Swedish See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. The Saxon troops were See also:present at the See also:battle of See also:Breitenfeld, but were routed by the imperialists, the elector himself seeking safety in See also:flight. Nevertheless he soon took the offensive. Marching into Bohemia the See also:Saxons occupied See also:Prague, but John George soon began to negotiate for See also:peace and consequently his soldiers offered little resistance to See also:Wallenstein, who drove them back into Saxony. However, for the present the efforts of Gustavus Adolphus prevented the elector from deserting him, but the position was changed by the death of the king at See also:Lutzen in 1632, and the refusal of Saxony to join the Protestant See also:league under Swedish leadership. Still letting his troops fight in a desultory See also:fashion against the imperialists, John George again negotiated for peace, and in May 1635 he concluded the important treaty of Prague with Ferdinand II. His See also:reward was Lusatia and certain other additions of territory; the retention by his son See also:Augustus of the archbishopric of Magdeburg; and some concessions with regard to the edict of restitution. Almost at once he declared war upon the Swedes, but in See also:October 1636 he was beaten at Wittstock; and Saxony, ravaged impartially by both sides, was soon in a deplorable See also:condition. At length in September 1645 the elector was compelled to agree to a truce with the Swedes, who, however, retained Leipzig; and as far as Saxony was concerned this ended the Thirty Years' War. After the peace of See also:Westphalia, which with regard to Saxony did little more than confirm the treaty of Prague, John George died on the 8th of October 1656. Although not without See also:political acumen, he was not a See also:great ruler; his See also:character appears to have been harsh and unlovely, and he was addicted to drink. He was twice married, and in addition to his successor John George II. he See also:left three sons, Augustus (1614-1680), Christian (d. 1691) and See also:Maurice (d. 1681) who were all endowed with lands in Saxony, and who founded See also:cadet branches of the Saxon house.
End of Article: JOHN GEORGE I
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