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LOMBARD See also:LEAGUE , the name given in See also:general to any league of the cities of See also:Lombardy, but applied especially to the league founded in 1167, which brought about the defeat of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick I. at See also:Legnano, and the consequent destruction of his plans for obtaining See also:complete authority over See also:Italy.
Lacking often the See also:protection of a strong ruler, the Lombard cities had been accustomed to See also:act together for mutual See also:defence, and in 1093 See also:Milan, See also:Lodi, See also:Piacenza and See also:Cremona formed an See also:alliance against the emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV., in favour of his rebellious son See also:Conrad. The See also:early years of the reign of Frederick I. were largely spent in attacks on the privileges of the cities of Lombardy. This led to a See also:coalition, formed in See also:March 1167, between the cities of Cremona, See also:Mantua, See also:Bergamo and See also:Brescia to confine Fredericjc to the rights which the emperors had enjoyed for the past See also:hundred years. This league or See also:concordia was soon joined by other cities, among which were Milan, See also:Parma, See also:Padua, See also:Verona, Piacenza and See also:Bologna, and the See also:allies began to build a fortress near the confluence of the Tanaro and the
Bormida, which, in See also:honour of See also:Pope See also:Alexander III., was called See also:Alessandria. During the See also:absence of Frederick from Italy from 1168 to 1174, the relations between the pope and the league became closer, and Alexander became the See also:leader of the alliance. Meetings of the league were held in 1172 and 1173 to strengthen the See also:bond, and to See also:concert See also:measures against the emperor, the penalties of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church being invoked to prevent defection. The decisive struggle began when Frederick attacked Alessandria in 1174. The fortress was bravely defended, and the See also:siege was raised on the approach of succour from the allied cities. Negotiations for See also:peace failed, and the emperor, having marched against Milan, suffered a severe defeat at Legnano on the 29th of May 1176. Subsequently Pope Alexander was detached from his allies, and made peace with Frederick, after which a truce for six years was arranged between the emperor and the league. Further negotiations ripened into the peace of See also:Constance signed on the 25th of See also:June 1183, which granted almost all the demands of the cities, and See also:left only a shadowy authority to the emperor (see ITALY).
In 1226, when the emperor Frederick II. avowed his intention of restoring the imperial authority in Italy, the league was renewed, and at once fifteen cities, including Milan and Verona, were placed under the See also:ban. Frederick, however, was not in a position to fight, and the See also:mediation of Pope See also:Honorius III. was successful in restoring peace. In 1231 the hostile intentions of the emperor once more stirred the cities into activity. They held a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting at Bologna and raised an See also:army, but as in 1226, the See also:matter ended in mutual fulminations and defiances. A more serious conflict arose in 1234. The See also:great question at issue, the nature and extent of the imperial authority over the Lombard cities, was still unsettled when Frederick's rebellious son, the See also:German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king Henry VII., allied himself with them. Having crushed his son and rejected the proffered mediation of Pope See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory IX., the emperor declared See also:war on the See also:Lombards in 1236; he inflicted a serious defeat upon their forces at Cortenuova in See also:November 1237 and met with other successes, but in 1238 he was beaten back from before Brescia. In 1239 Pope Gregory joined the cities and the struggle widened out into the larger one of the See also:Empire and the Papacy. This was still proceeding when Frederick died in See also:December 1250 and it was only ended by the overthrow of the See also:Hohenstaufen and the complete destruction of the imperial authority in Italy.
For a full See also:account of the Lombard League see C. Vignati, Storia diplomata della Lega Lombarda (Milan, 1866) ; H. See also:Prutz, Kaiser See also:Friedrich I., See also:Band ii. (See also:Danzig, 1871–1874) ; W. von See also:Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Band v. (See also:Leipzig, 1888) ; and J. Ficker, Zur Geschichte See also:des Lombardenbundes (See also:Vienna, 1868).
End of Article: LOMBARD LEAGUE
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