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See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS I . (1326-1382), called " the See also:great," See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Hungary and See also:Poland, was the third son of See also:Charles See also:Robert, king of Hungary, and See also:Elizabeth, daughter of the See also:Polish king, See also:Ladislaus Lokietek. In 1342 he succeeded his See also:father as king of Hungary and was crowned at See also:Szekesfehervar on the 21st of See also:July with great See also:enthusiasm. Though only sixteen he understood Latin, See also:German and See also:Italian as well as his See also:mother See also:tongue. He owed his relatively excellent See also:education to the care of his mother, a woman of See also:pro-found See also:political sagacity, who was his See also:chief counsellor in See also:diplomatic affairs during the greater See also:part of his See also:long reign. Italian politics first occupied his See also:attention. As a ruler of a rising great See also:power in See also:search of a seaboard he was the natural adversary of the Venetian See also:republic, which already aimed at making the Adriatic a purely Venetian See also:sea and resented the proximity of the See also:Magyars in See also:Dalmatia. The first trial of strength began in 1345, when the See also:city of See also:Zara placed herself under the See also:protection of Hungary and was thereupon invested by the Venetians. Louis fought a See also:battle beneath the walls of Zara (July 1st, 1346), which has been immortalized by See also:Tintoretto, but was defeated and compelled to abandon the city to the republic. The struggle was renewed eleven years later when Louis, having formed, with See also:infinite trouble, a See also:league of all the enemies of See also:Venice, including the See also:emperor, the Habsburgs, See also:Genoa and other Italian towns, attacked his maritime See also:rival with such vigour that she sued for See also:peace, and by the treaty of Zara (See also:February 18th, 1358) ceded most of the Dalmatian towns and renounced the See also:title of See also:duke of Dalmatia and Croatia, hitherto See also:borne by the See also:doge. Far more important than the treaty itself was the consequent voluntary submission of the See also:independent republic of See also:Ragusa to the See also:suzerainty of the See also:crown of St See also:Stephen the same See also:year, Louis, in return for an See also:annual See also:tribute of 500 ducats and a See also:fleet, under-taking to defend Ragusa against all her enemies. Still more glorious for Hungary was Louis's third See also:war with Venice (1378-1381), when he was again aided by the Genoese. At an See also:early See also:stage of the contest Venice was so hardly pressed that she offered to do See also:homage to Hungary for all her possessions. But her immense resources enabled her to rally her forces, and peace was finally concluded between all the See also:powers concerned at the See also:congress of See also:Turin (1381), Venice virtually surrendering Dalmatia to Louis and undertaking to pay him an annual tribute of 7000 ducats. The persistent hostility of Venice is partially attributable to her See also:constant fear lest Louis should inherit the crown of See also:Naples and thus threaten her See also:trade and her sea-power from two sides simultaneously. Louis's younger See also:brother See also:Andrew had wedded See also:Joanna, See also:grand-daughter and heiress of old King Robert of Naples, on whose See also:death, in 1343, she reigned in her own right, refused her See also:consort any See also:share in the See also:government, and is very strongly suspected of having secured his removal by assassination on the See also:night of the 19th of See also:September 1345. She then married See also:Prince Louis of See also:Taranto, and strong in the See also:double support of the papal See also:court at See also:Avignon and of the Venetian republic (both of whom were opposed to Magyar aggrandisement in See also:Italy) questioned the right of Louis to the two Sicilies, which he claimed as the next See also:heir of his murdered brother. In 1347, and again in 1350, Louis occupied Naples and craved per-See also:mission to be crowned king, but the papal see was inexorable and he was compelled to withdraw. The See also:matter was not decided till 1378 when Joanna, having made the See also:mistake of recognizing the antipope See also:Clement VII.,- was promptly deposed and ex-communicated in favour of Prince Charles of Durazzo, who had been brought up at the Hungarian court. Louis, always in-exhaustible in expedients, determined to indemnify himself in the See also:north for his disappointments in the See also:south. With the Habsburgs, Hungary's natural rivals in the See also:west, Louis generally maintained friendly relations. From 1358 to 1368, however, the restless ambition of See also:Rudolph, duke of See also:Austria, who acquired See also:Tirol and raised See also:Vienna to the first See also:rank among the cities of See also:Europe, caused Louis great uneasiness. But Louis alwayspreferred See also:arbitration to war, and the peace congresses of See also:Nagyszombat (1360) and of See also:Pressburg (1360) summoned by him adjusted all the outstanding See also:differences between the central See also:European powers. Louis's See also:diplomacy, moreover, was materially assisted by his lifelong See also:alliance with his See also:uncle, the childless Casimir the Great of Poland, who had appointed him his successor; and on Casimir's death Louis was solemnly crowned king of Poland at See also:Cracow (Nov. 17, 1370). This See also:personal See also:union of the two countries was more glorious than profitable. Louis could give little attention to his unruly Polish subjects and was never very happy among them. Immovably entrenched behind their privileges, they rendered him only the minimum of service; but he compelled their representatives, assembled at Kassa, to recognize his daughter Maria and her affianced See also:husband, See also:Count See also:Sigismund of See also:Brandenburg, as their future king and See also:queen by locking the See also:gates of the city and allowing none to leave it till they had consented to his wishes (1374). Louis is the first European monarch who came into collision with the See also:Turks. He seems to have arrested their triumphant career (c. 1372), and the See also:fine See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church erected by him at Maria-Zell is a lasting memorial of his victories. From the first he took a just view of the See also:Turkish peril, but the See also:peculiar See also:local and religious difficulties of the whole situation in the Balkans prevented him from dealing with it effectually (see HUNGARY, See also:History). Louis died suddenly at Nagyszombat on the loth of September 1382. He See also:left two daughters Maria and Jadwiga (the latter he destined for the See also:throne of Hungary) under the guardianship of his widow, the daughter of the valiant See also:ban of Bosnia, Stephen Kotromanic, whom he married in 1353, and who was in every way worthy of him.
See Rationes Collectorum Pontif. in Hungaria, 1281-1375 (Buda-pest, 1887) ; Dano See also:Gruber, The Struggle of Louis I. with the Venetians for Dalmatia (Croat.) (See also:Agram, 1903) ; Antal See also:Por, See also:Life of Louis the Great (Hung.) (See also:Budapest, 1892) ; and History of the Hungarian Nation (Hung.) (vol. 3, Budapest, 1895). (R. N.
End of Article: LOUIS I
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