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PACIFIC See also:BLOCKADE , a See also:term invented by Hautefeuille, the See also:French writer on See also:International Maritime See also:Law, to describe a blockade exercised by a See also:great See also:power for the purpose of bringing pressure to See also:bear on a weaker See also:state without actual See also:war. That it is an See also:act of violence, and therefore in the nature of war, is undeniable, seeing that it can only be employed as a measure of See also:coercion by maritime See also:powers able to bring into See also:action such vastly See also:superior forces to those the resisting state can dispose of that resistance is out of the question. In this respect it is an act of war, and any See also:attempt to exercise it against a power strong enough to resist would be a commencement of hostilities, and at once bring into See also:play the rights and duties affecting neutrals. On the other See also:hand, the See also:object and See also:justification of a pacific blockade being to avoid war, that is See also:general hostilities and disturbance of inter-See also:national See also:traffic with the state against which the operation is carried on, rights of war cannot consistently be exercised against See also:ships belonging to other states than those concerned. And yet, if neutrals were not to be affected by it, the coercive effect of such a blockade might be completely lost. See also:Recent practice has
been to limit interference with them to the extent barely necessary to carry out the purpose of the blockading powers.'
It is usual to refer to the intervention of See also:France, See also:England and See also:Russia in See also:Turkish affairs in 1827 as the first occasion on which the coercive value of pacific blockades was put to the test. Neutral vessels were not affected by it. This was followed by a number of other coercive See also:measures described in the textbooks as pacific blockades. The first See also:case, however, in which the operation was really a blockade, unaccompanied by hostilities, and which therefore can be properly called a " pacific blockade," was that which in 1837 Great See also:Britain exercised against New See also:Granada. A See also:British subject and See also:consul of the name of See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell was accused of stabbing a native of the See also:country in a See also:street brawl. He was arrested, and after being kept in detention for some months he was tried for the unlawful carrying of arms and
There is always the alternative of making the blockade an act of war. This was done in 1902-3, when Great Britain, See also:Germany and See also:Italy proclaimed a blockade of certain ports of See also:Venezuela and the mouths of the See also:Orinoco. The blockade in this case was not pacific, but was war with all its consequences for belligerents and neutrals (see See also:Foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office See also:notice in See also:London See also:Gazette of See also:December 20, 1902).
sentenced to six years' imprisonment. The British See also:government resented this treatment as " not only cruel and unjust towards Mr Russell, but disrespectful towards the British nation," and demanded the dismissal of the officials implicated and £r000 See also:damages " as some See also:compensation for the cruel injuries which had been inflicted upon Mr Russell" (State Papers, 1837-1838, p. 183). The New Granada government refused to comply with these demands, and the British representative, acting upon his instructions, called in the assistance of the See also:West See also:Indian See also:fleet, but observed in his communication to the British See also:naval officer in command that it was desirable to avoid hostilities, and to endeavour to bring about the desired result by a strict blockade only. This seems to be the first occasion on which it had occurred to anybody that a blockade without war might serve the purpose of war. This precedent was shortly afterwards followed by another somewhat similar case, in which from the 16th of See also:April to the 28th of See also:November 1838 the French government blockaded the Mexican ports, to coerce the Mexican government into See also:acceptance of certain demands on behalf of French subjects who had suffered injury to their persons and damage to their See also:property through insufficient See also:protection by the Mexican authorities.
The blockade of Buenos Aires and the See also:Argentine See also:coast from the 28th of See also:March 1838 to the 7th of November 184o by the French fleet, a coercive measure consequent upon vexatious See also:laws affecting foreign residents in the Argentine See also:Republic, seems to have been the first case in which the operation was notified to the different representatives of foreign states. This notification was given in See also:Paris, and at Buenos Aires, and to every See also:ship approaching the blockaded places. This precedent of notification was, a few years later (1845), followed in another blockade against the same country by Great Britain and France, and in one in 1842 and 1844 by Great Britain against the See also:port of See also:Grey-See also:town in See also:Nicaragua. In 185o Great Britain blockaded the ports of See also:Greece in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to compel the Hellenic government to give See also:satisfaction in the See also:Don Pacifico case. Don Pacifico, a British subject, claimed £32,000 as damages for unprovoked pillage of his See also:house by an Athenian See also:mob. See also:Greek vessels only were seized, and these were only sequestered. Greek vessels See also:bona fide carrying cargoes belonging to foreigners were allowed to enter the blockaded ports.
Before the next case of blockade which can be described as "pacific" occurred came the See also:Declaration of Paris (April 15, 1856), requiring that " blockades in order to be binding must be effective; that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent See also:access to the coast of the enemy."
Some See also:ill-defined measures of blockade followed, such as that of 186o, when See also:Victor See also:Emmanuel, then See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sardinia, joined the revolutionary government of See also:Naples in blockading ports in See also:Sicily, then held by the king of Naples, without any rupture of pacific relations between the two governments; that of 1862, in which Great Britain blockaded the port of Rio de Janeiro, to exact redress for pillage of an See also:English See also:vessel by the See also:local See also:population, at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time declaring that she continued to be on friendly terms with the See also:emperor of See also:Brazil; and that in 188o, when a demonstration was made before the port of See also:Dulcigno by a fleet of British, See also:German, French, See also:Austrian, See also:Russian and See also:Italian men-of-war, to compel the Turkish government to carry out the treaty conceding this town to See also:Montenegro, and it was announced that if the town was not given up by the Turkish forces it would be blockaded.
The blockade which first gave rise to serious theoretical discussion on the subject was that instituted by France in 1884 in See also:Chinese See also:waters. On the loth of See also:October 1884 See also:Admiral See also:Courbet declared a blockade of all the ports and roadsteads between certain specified points of the See also:island of See also:Formosa. The British government protested that Admiral Coubert had not enough ships to render the blockade effective, and that it was therefore a violation of one of the articles of the Declaration of Paris of 1856; moreover, that the French government could only interfere with neutral vessels violating the blockade if there was a state of war. If a state of war existed, England as a neutral was See also:bound to See also:close her coaling stations to belligerents. The
British government held that in the circumstances France was waging war and not entitled to combine the rights of See also:peace and warfare for her own benefit. Since then pacific blockades have only been exercised by the great powers as a See also:joint measure in their See also:common See also:interest, which has also been that of peace; and in this respect the term is taking a new signification in accordance with the See also:ordinary sense of the word " pacific."
In 1886 Greece was blockaded by Great Britain, See also:Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia, to prevent her from engaging in war with See also:Turkey, and thus forcing the powers to define their attitude towards the latter power. The instructions given to the British See also:commander were to detain every ship under the Greek See also:flag coming out of or entering any of the blockaded ports or harbours, or communicating with any ports within the limit blockaded; but if any parts of the See also:cargo on See also:board of such ships belonged to any subject or See also:citizen of any foreign power other than Greece, and other than Austria, Germany, Italy and Russia, and had been shipped before notification of the blockade or after such notification, but under a See also:charter made before the notification, such ship was not to be detained.
On the blockade of See also:Crete in 1897 it was notified that " the admirals in command of the British, Austro-Hungarian, French, German, Italian, and Russian naval forces" had decided to put the island of Crete in a state of blockade, that " the blockade would be general for all ships under the Greek flag," and that " ships of the six powers or neutral powers may enter into the ports occupied by the powers and See also:land their merchandise, but only if it is not for the Greek troops or the interior of the island," and that "these ships may be visited by the ships of the inter-national fleets."
Since the See also:adoption of the See also:Hague See also:Convention of 1907 respecting the See also:limitation of the employment of force for the recovery of See also:contract debts, the contracting powers are under agreement " not to have recourse to armed force for the recovery of contract debts claimed from the government of one country by the government of another country as being due to its nationals, " unless " the debtor state refuses or neglects to reply to an offer of See also:arbitration, or after accepting the offer. prevents any compromis from being agreed on, or after the arbitration fails to submit to the See also:award " (See also:Art. I). Though this does not affect pacific blockades in principle, it supersedes them in practice by a new See also:procedure for some of the cases in which they have hitherto been employed. (T.
End of Article: PACIFIC BLOCKADE
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