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office—a rare characteristic in a Bulgarian politician—combined to render him one of the most influential men in Bulgaria. The overthrow of the Zankoff See also:

MINISTRY

ministry in 1884 was largely due to his See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and in that year he was nominated to the See also:

PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Sobranye. He held this important office for the next two years, a See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

period in the See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

HISTORY

history. The revolution of See also:

PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis, which brought about the See also:

union of Bulgaria with eastern See also:

RUMELIA, or ROUMELIA (Turkish Rumili, " the land of the Romans," i.e. the East Roman or Byzantine empire)

Rumelia, took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 18th of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1885, and it was largely owing to Stambolov's See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that See also:

Prince See also:

Alexander decided to identify himself with the movement. The war with See also:

SERVIA

Servia followed, and Stambolov, notwithstanding his See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position, served as an See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary soldier in the Bulgarian army.

After the See also:

ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away)

abduction of Prince Alexander by a See also:

BAND

band of military conspirators (Aug. 21, 1886) Stambolov, who was then at Trnovo, acted with characteristic promptitude and courage. In his capacity as See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Sobranye he established a loyal government at Trnovo, issued a manifesto to the nation, nominated his See also:

BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

law, See also:

General Mutkurov, See also:

COMMANDER

commander-inchief of the army, and invited the prince to return to Bulgaria. The consequence of these See also:

MEASURES

measures was the downfall of the provisional government set up by the Russophil party at See also:

SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia. On the See also:

ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Prince Alexander (See also:

SEPT

Sept. 8) Stambolov became See also:

head of a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of regency, with Mutkurov and Karavelov as his colleagues; the latter, however, soon made way for Jivkov, a friend and See also:

FELLOW

fellow townsman of the first See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent. Invested with supreme See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power at this perilous juncture, Stambolov displayed all the qualities of an able diplomatist and an energetic ruler. He succeeded in frustrating the See also:

MISSION

mission of General Kaulbars, whom the See also:

TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar despatched as See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner to Bulgaria; in suppressing a rising organized by Nabokov, a Russian officer, at See also:

BURGAS (sometimes written Burghaz, Bourgas or Burgas, and, in the middle ages, Pyrgos)

Burgas; in quelling military revolts at Silistra and See also:

RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk; in holding elections for the See also:

GRAND

Grand Sobranye, despite the See also:

INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict of Russia, and in securing eventually the See also:

election of Prince See also:

Ferdinand of See also:

COBURG

Coburg to the vacant See also:

THRONE

throne (See also:

JULY

July 7, 1887). Under the newly-elected ruler he became See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and minister of the interior, and continued in office for nearly seven years (see BULGARIA). The aim of his See also:

FOREIGN

foreign policy was to obtain the recognition of Prince Ferdinand, and to win the support of the Triple See also:

ALLIANCE

Alliance and See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain against Russian interference in Bulgaria. In his dealings with Turkey, the suzerain power, he displayed considerable acuteness; he gained the confidence of the See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan, whom he flattered and occasionally menaced; and aided by the ambassadors of the friendly See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, he succeeded in obtaining on two occasions important concessions for the Bulgarian episcopate in See also:

MACEDONIA

Macedonia (see MACEDONIA), while securing the tacit See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte for the technically illegal situation in the principality. With the assistance of See also:

Austria-See also:

Hungary and Great Britain he negotiated large foreign loans which enabled him to develop the military strength of Bulgaria.

Under Prince Ferdinand he pursued the same despotic methods of government which had characterized his See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration during the regency; See also:

Major Panitza, who had organized a revolutionary See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, was tried by See also:

court-See also:

MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial and shot at Sofia in 1890; four of his See also:

POLITICAL

political opponents were hanged at Sofia in the following year, and Karavelov was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. His tyrannical disposition was increased by the assassination of his colleague, Beltchev, in 1891, and of Dr Vlkovitch, the Bulgarian representative at See also:

Constantinople, in 1892, and eventually proved intolerable to Prince Ferdinand, who compelled him to resign in May 1894. He was now exposed to the vengeance of his enemies, and subi cted 'n various indignities and persecutions; he was refused permission to leave the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and his See also:

PROPERTY

property was confiscated. On the 15th of July 1895 he was attacked and barbarously mutilated by a band of Macedonian assassins in the streets of Sofia, and succumbed to his injuries three days later. His funeral, which was attended by the representatives of the powers at Sofia, was interrupted by disgraceful riots, and an effort was made to perpetrate an See also:

OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage on his remains. No See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to See also:

ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest his murderers; two persons were, however, arraigned for the See also:

CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime in 1896, and subjected to almost nominal penalties. U. D.

End of Article: STAMBOLOV, STEFAN (1854-1895)

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