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Khartum was attacked by the Mandists, who were repulsed. On the 19th, when the British force was nearer Metemma, the Mandists renewed the attack, again unsuccessfully. See also:

Sir See also:

Herbert See also:

Stewart, the See also:

COMMANDER

commander of the British force, was mortally wounded on the 19th, and among the killed on the 17th was See also:

Col. F. G. See also:

BURNABY, FREDERICK GUSTAVUS (1842-1885)

Burnaby (see See also:

EGYPT

EGYPT, Military Operations). ABU-L-'See also:

ALA UL-MA'ARRI [Abu-l-'Ala Ahmad See also:

ibn 'Abdallah ibn Sulaiman] (973-1057), Arabian poet and See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-writer, be-longed to the See also:

South Arabian tribe Tanukh, a See also:

PART

part of which had migrated to See also:

SYRIA

Syria before the See also:

time of See also:

ISLAM

Islam. He was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 973 at Ma'arrat un-Nu'See also:

man, a Syrian See also:

TOWN

town nineteen See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours' See also:

JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey south of See also:

ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo, to the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of which it was subject at that time. He lost his See also:

FATHER

father while he was still an See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant, and at the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of four lost his eyesight owing to smallpox.

This, however, did not prevent him from attending the lectures of the best teachers at Aleppo, See also:

ANTIOCH

Antioch and See also:

Tripoli. These teachers were men of the first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, who had been attracted to the See also:

court of Saif-ud-Daula, and their teaching was well stored in the remarkable memory of the See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil. At the age of twenty-one Abu-l-`Ala returned to Ma'arra, where he received a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of See also:

THIRTY

thirty dinars yearly. In 1007 he visited See also:

BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, where he was admitted to the See also:

LITERARY

literary circles, recited in the salons, See also:

ACADEMIES

academies and mosques, and made the acquaintance of men to whom he addressed some of his letters later. In 1009 he returned to Ma'arra, where he spent the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

LIFE

life in teaching and See also:

writing. During this See also:

period of scholarly quiet he See also:

DEVELOPED

developed his characteristic advanced views on See also:

VEGETARIANISM

vegetarianism, See also:

CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation of the dead and the See also:

DESIRE

desire for extinction after See also:

DEATH

death. Of his See also:

WORKS

works the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are two collections of hispoetry and two of his letters. The earlier poems up to 1029 are of the See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind usual at the time. Under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Sagt ua-Zand they have been published in Bulaq (1869), See also:

BEIRUT

Beirut (1884) and See also:

Cairo (1886). The poems of the second collection, known as the Luzum ma lam yalzam, or the Luzumiyyat, are written with the difficult See also:

RHYME

rhyme in two consonants instead of one, and contain the more See also:

ORIGINAL

original, mature and somewhat pessimistic thoughts of the author on mutability, virtue, death, &c. They have been published in Bombay (1886) and Cairo (1889) . The letters on various literary and social subjects were published with commentary by Shain See also:

EFFENDI (a Turkish word, corrupted from the Gr. wive rjr, a lord or master)

Effendi in Beirut (1894), and with See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

TRANSLATION

translation, &c., by Prof.

D. S. Margoliouth in See also:

Oxford (1898). A second collection of letters, known as the Risalat ul-Ghufran, was summarized and partially translated by R. A. See also:

Nicholson in the See also:

Journal of the Royal See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic Society (1900, pp. 637 ff.; 1902, pp. 75 if., 337 if., 813 ff.).. BIBLIOGRAPHY..—C. See also:

RIEU, CHARLES PIERRE HENRI (182o-1902)

Rieu, De Abu-l-'Alae Poetae See also:

ARABICI

Arabici vita et carminibus (See also:

BONN

Bonn, 1843) ; A. von Kremer, Uber See also:

die philosophise/Len Gedichte See also:

des Abu-l-'Ala (See also:

Vienna, '888); cf. also the same writer's articles in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft (vols. See also:

XXIX

xxix., See also:

xxx., xxxi. and xxxviii.). For his life see the introduction to D. S.

Margoliouth's edition of the letters, supplemented by the same writer's articles "Abu-l-'Ala al-Ma'arri's See also:

Correspondence on Vegetarianism " in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1902, pp. 289 ff.). (G. W. T.) ABU-L-'ATAHIYA [Abu Ishaq See also:

ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail ibn Qasim al-'Anazi] (948-828), Arabian poet, was born at `See also:

Ain ut-Tamar in the Hijaz near See also:

Medina. His ancestors were of the tribe of `Anaza. His youth was spent in See also:

KUFA

Kufa, where he was engaged for some time in selling pottery. Removing to Bagdad, he continued his business there, but became famous for his verses, especially for those addressed to 'Utba, a slave of the See also:

CALIPH, CALIF

caliph al-See also:

MANDI

Mandi. His See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection was unrequited, although al-Mandi, and after him See also:

HARUN

Harun al-Rashid, interceded for him. Having offended the caliph, he was in See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time. The latter part of his life was more ascetic. He died in 828 in the reign of . al-Ma'See also:

mun.

The See also:

POETRY

poetry of Abu-1-'Atahiya is notable for its avoidance of the artificiality almost universal in his days. The older poetry of the desert had been constantly imitated up to this time, al-though it was not natural to town life. Abu-l-`Atahiya was one of the first to drop the old qasida (See also:

ELEGY

elegy) See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form. He was very fluent and used many metres. He is also regarded as one of the earliest philosophic poets of the See also:

ARABS

Arabs. Much of his poetry is concerned with the observation of See also:

COMMON

common life and morality, and at times is pessimistic. Naturally, under the circumstances, he was strongly suspected of See also:

HERESY

heresy. His 'poems (Diwa-n) with life from Arabian See also:

SOURCES

sources have been published at the Jesuit See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press in Beirut (1887, 2nd ed. 1888). On his position in Arabic literature see W. Ahlwardt, Diwan des Abu Nowas (Greifswald, 1861), pp. 21 ff.; A. von Kremer, Culturgeschichte des Orients (Wien, 1897), vol. ii. pp.

372 if. (G. W. T.) .ABULFARAJ [Abu-l-Faraj `See also:

Ali ibn ul-Husain ul-Isbahani] (897-967), Arabian See also:

SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, was a member of the tribe of the Quraish (Koreish) and a See also:

DIRECT

direct descendant of Marwan, the last of the Omayyad caliphs. He was thus connected with the Omayyad rulers in See also:

Spain, and seems to have kept up a correspondence with them and to have sent them some of his works. He was born in Ispahan, but spent his youth and made his See also:

early studies in Bagdad. He became famous for his knowledge of early Arabian antiquities. His later life was spent in various parts of the Moslem See also:

WORLD

world, in Aleppo with Saif-ud-Daula (to whom he dedicated the See also:

BOOK

Book of Songs), in Rai with the Buyid See also:

VIZIER

vizier Ibn 'Abbad and elsewhere. In his last years he lost his See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason. In See also:

religion he was a Shiite. Although he wrote poetry, also an See also:

ANTHOLOGY

anthology of verses on the monasteries of See also:

MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia and Egypt, and a genealogical See also:

WORK

work, his fame rests upon his Book of Songs (Kitdb ul-Aghani), which gives an See also:

account of the chief Arabian songs, See also:

ancient and See also:

MODERN

modern, with the stories of the composers and singers. It contains a See also:

mass of See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the life and customs of the early Arabs, and is the most valuable authority we have for their pre-Islamic and early Moslem days.

A part of it was published by J. G. L. Kosegarten with Latin translation (Greifswald, 184o). The See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text was published in 20 vols. at Bulaq in 1868. Vol. xxi. was edited by R. E. See also:

BRUNNOW, FRANZ FRIEDRICH ERNST (1821-1891)

Brunnow (See also:

LEYDEN, JOHN (1775-1811)

Leyden, 1888). A See also:

VOLUME

volume of elaborate indices was edited by I. See also:

GUIDI, CARLO ALESSANDRO (1650-1712)

Guidi (Leyden, 'goo), and a missing fragment of the text was published by J. See also:

WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, vol. 50, pp.

146 if. For his life see M'G. de Slane's translation of Ibn Khallikan's See also:

BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical See also:

DICTIONARY

Dictionary, vol. ii. pp. 249 if. (G. W.

End of Article: ABU KLEA

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