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desert behind the town by three kings of the IInd dynasty. The temple and town continued to be rebuilt at intervals down to the times of the XXXth dynasty, and the See also:

CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery was used continuously. In the XIIth dynasty a gigantic See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb was cut in the See also:

rock by Senwosri (or Senusert) III. Seti I. in the XIXth dynasty founded a great new temple to the See also:

south of the town in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the ancestral kings of the See also:

early dynasties; this was finished by See also:

RAMESES, or RAMESSES (Gen. xlvii. r1; Exod. xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3)

Rameses (or Ramessu) II., who also built a lesser temple of his own.

Mineptah (Merenptah) added a great Hypogeum of Osiris to the temple of Seti. The latest See also:

BUILDING

building was a new temple of Nekhtnebf in the XXXth dynasty. From the Ptolemaic times the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place continued to decay and no later See also:

WORKS

works are known (Petrie, Abydos, i. and ii.). The See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship here was of the See also:

jackal See also:

god Upuaut (Ophois, Wepwoi), who " opened the way " to the See also:

REALM

realm of the dead, in-creasing from the Ist dynasty to the See also:

time of the XIIth dynasty and then disappearing after the XVIIIth. Anher appears in the Xlth dynasty; and Khentamenti, the god of the western Hades, rises to importance in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom and. then vanishes in the XVIIIth. The worship here of Osiris in his various forms begins in the XIIth dynasty and becomes more important in later times, so that at last the whole place was considered as sacred to him (Abydos, ii. 47). The temples successively built here on one site were nine or ten in number, from the Ist dynasty, 5500 B.C. to the XXVIth dynasty, 500 B.C. The first was an enclosure, about 30 X 50 ft., surrounded by a thin See also:

wall of unbaked bricks. Covering one wall of this came the second temple of about 40 ft. square in a wall about soft, thick. An See also:

OUTER

outer See also:

TEMENOS (Gr. TEµevos, TElcvfw, to cut)

temenos (enclosure) wall surrounded the ground. This outer wall was thickened about the IInd or IIIrd dynasty.

The old temple entirely vanished in the IVth dynasty, and a smaller building was erected behind it, enclosing a wide See also:

HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth of See also:

black ashes. Pottery See also:

MODELS

models of offerings arc found in the ashes, and these were probably the substitutes for sacrifices decreed by See also:

CHEOPS

Cheops (Khufu) in his temple reforms. A great clearance of temple offerings was made now, or earlier, and a chamber full of them has yielded the See also:

FINE

fine See also:

ivory carvings and the glazed figures and tiles which show the splendid See also:

WORK

work of the Ist dynasty. A See also:

vase of See also:

MENES

Menes with See also:

PURPLE

purple inlaid hieroglyphs in See also:

green glaze and the tiles with See also:

RELIEF

relief figures are the most important pieces. The See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble statuette of Cheops in ivory, found in the See also:

stone chamber of the temple, gives the only portrait of this greatest ruler. The temple was rebuilt entirely on a larger See also:

scale by Pepi I. in the VIth dynasty. He placed a great stone gateway to the temenos, an outer temenos wall and gateway, with a See also:

COLONNADE

colonnade between the See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates. His temple was about 40X50 ft. inside, with stone gateways front and back, showing that it was of the processional type. In the Xlth dynasty Menthotp (Mentuhotep) III. added a colonnade and altars. Soon after, Sankhkere entirely rebuilt the temple, laying a stone See also:

PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement over the See also:

AREA

area, about 45 ft. square, besides subsidiary See also:

chambers. Soon after Senwosri (Senusert) I. in the XIIth dynasty laid massive See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations of stone over the pavement of his predecessor. A great temenos was laid out enclosing a much larger axea, and the temple itself was about three times the earlier See also:

SIZE

size.

The XVIIIth dynasty began with a large See also:

CHAPEL

chapel of See also:

AMASIS

Amasis (Ahmosi, Aahmes) I., and then Tethmosis (Thothmes, Tahutmes) III. built"a far larger temple, about 130X200 ft. He made also a processional way past the See also:

side of the temple to the cemetery beyond, with a great gateway of See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite. Rameses III. added a large building; and Amasis II. in the XXVIth dynasty rebuilt the temple again, and placed in it a large monolith See also:

SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of red granite, finely wrought. The foundations of the successive temples were comprised within about 18 ft. See also:

DEPTH

depth of ruins; these needed the closest examination to discriminate the various buildings, and were recorded by over 4000 measurements and See also:

I000

I000 levellings (Petrie, Abydos, ii.). The temple of Seti I. was built on entirely new ground See also:

HALF

half a mile to the south of the See also:

long See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of temples just described. This is the building best known as the Great Temple of Abydos, being nearly See also:

COMPLETE

complete and an impressive sight. A See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

OBJECT

object of it was the See also:

ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration of the early kings, whose cemetery, to which it forms a great funerary chapel, lies behind it. The loag See also:

list of the kings of the principal dynasties carved on a wall is known as the " Table of Abydos." There were also seven chapels for the worship of the See also:

king and principal gods. At the back were large chambers connected with the Osiris worship (Caulfield, Temple of the Kings); and probably from these led out the great Hypogeum for the celebration of the Osiris mys teries, built by Mineptah (See also:

Murray, Osireion). The temple was originally 550 ft. long, but the forecourts are scarcely recognizable, and the See also:

PART

part in See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

state is about 250 ft. long and 350 ft. wide, including the wing at the side. Excepting the list of kings and a See also:

PANEGYRIC

panegyric on Rameses II., the subjects are not See also:

HISTORICAL

historical but mythological. The work is. celebrated for its delicacy and refinement, but lacks the See also:

LIFE

life and See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of that in earlier ages.

The sculptures have been mostly published in See also:

hand copy, not facsimile, by See also:

MARIETTE, AUGUSTE FERDINAND FRANCOIS (1821-1881)

Mariette in his Abydos, i. The adjacent temple of Rameses II. was much smaller and simpler in See also:

plan; but it had a fine historical series of scenes around the outside, of which the See also:

LOWER

lower parts remain. A list of kings, similar to that of Seti, formerly stood here; but the fragments were removed by the See also:

French See also:

consul and sold to the See also:

BRITISH

British Museum. The Royal Tombs of the earliest dynasties were placed about a mile back on the great desert See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain. The earliest is about 10 X 20 ft. inside, a See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit lined with See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick walls, and originally roofed with See also:

TIMBER

timber and See also:

MATTING

matting. Others also before Menes are 15X25 ft. The tomb probably of Menes is of the latter size. After this the tombs increase in size and complexity. The tomb-pit is surrounded by chambers to hold the offerings, the actual See also:

sepulchre being a great wooden chamber in the midst of thebrick-lined pit. Rows of small tomb-pits for the servants of the king surround the royal chamber, many dozens of such burials being usual. By the end of the Ilnd dynasty the type changed to a long passage bordered- with chambers on either hand, the royal See also:

BURIAL

burial being in the middle of the length. The greatest of these tombs with its dependencies covered a space of over 3000 square yards.

The contents of the tombs have been nearly destroyed by successive plunderers; enough remained to show that See also:

rich jewellery was placed on the mummies, a profusion of vases of hard and valuable stones from the royal table service stood about the See also:

BODY

body, the See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-rooms were filled with great jars of See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, perfumed ointment and other supplies, and tablets of ivory and of See also:

EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

ebony were engraved with a See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the yearly See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the reigns. The sealings of the various officials, of which over 200 varieties have been found, give an insight into the public arrangements (Petrie, Royal Tombs, i. and ii.). The cemetery of private persons begins in the Ist dynasty with some pit tombs in the town. It was extensive in the XIIth and XIIIth dynasties and contained many rich tombs. In the XVIIIth-XXth dynasties a large number of fine tombs were made, and later ages continued to See also:

bury here till See also:

ROMAN

Roman times. Many See also:

HUNDRED

hundred funeral steles were removed by Mariette's work-men, without any record of the burials (Mariette, Abydos, ii. and iii.). Later excavations have been recorded by See also:

AYRTON, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847-1908)

Ayrton, Abydos, iii.; MacIver, El Amrah and Abydos; and Garstang, El Arabah: The forts See also:

lay behind the town. That known as Shunet ez Zebib is about 450X250 ft. over all, and still stands 30 ft. high. It was built by Khasekhemui, the last king of the Ilnd dynasty. Another fort nearly as large adjoined it, and is probably rather older. A third fort of a squarer See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form is now occupied by the Coptic See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent; its age cannot be ascertained (Ayrton, Abydos, iii.). (W.

M. F.

End of Article: ABYDOS

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