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Cicero. His philosophical doctrines are not known, though some have inferred from the epithet ebbat povu cbc (" fortunate "), usually applied to him, that he held the end of See also:

LIFE

life to be ev5atgovia. See also:

ANA%ILAUS, of See also:

LARISSA (Turk. Yeni Shehr, " new town ")

Larissa, a physician and See also:

PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean philosopher, who was banished from See also:

Rome by See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, B.C. 28, on the See also:

charge of practising the magic See also:

art. This See also:

ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation appears to have originated in his See also:

SUPERIOR

superior skill in natural See also:

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, by which he produced effects that the ignorant attributed to magic. Euseb., Chron. ad Olymp. clxxxviii. ; St Iren. i. 13; See also:

Pliny xix.

4, See also:

xxv. 95, See also:

XXVIII

xxviii. 49, xXxii. 52, See also:

XXXV

xxxv. 50. ANA%IMANDER, the second of the See also:

PHYSICAL

physical philosophers of See also:

IONIA

Ionia, was a See also:

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of See also:

MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus and a companion or See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Thales. Little is known of his life. See also:

Aelian makes him the See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Milesian See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony to See also:

AMPHIPOLIS (mod. Yeni Keui)

Amphipolis, and hence some have inferred that he was a prominent citizen. The computations of See also:

APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus have fixed his See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth in 611, and his death shortly after 547 B.C. Tradition, probably correct in its See also:

general estimate, represents him as a successful student of See also:

ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy and See also:

GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, and as one of the pioneers of exact See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science among the Greeks. He taught, if he did not discover, the obliquity of the See also:

ECLIPTIC

ecliptic, is said to have introduced into See also:

GREECE

Greece the See also:

GNOMON

gnomon (for determining the solstices) and the sundial, and to have invented some See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

map. But his reputation is due mainly to his See also:

WORK

work on nature, few words of which remain.

From these fragments we learn that the beginning or first principle (&px i, a word which, it is said, he was the first to use) was an endless, unlimited See also:

mass (aireepov), subject to neither old See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age nor decay, and perpetually yielding fresh materials for the See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of beings which issued from it. He never defined this principle precisely, and it has generally (e.g. by See also:

Aristotle and See also:

Augustine) been understood as a sort of primal See also:

CHAOS

chaos. It embraced everything, and directed the See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of things, by which there See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up a See also:

HOST

host of shapes and See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences. Out of the vague and limitless See also:

BODY

body there sprung a central mass,—this See also:

earth of ours, cylindrical in shape, poised equidistant from surrounding orbs of See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, which had originally clung to it like the bark See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

tree, until their continuity was severed, and they parted into several See also:

wheel-shaped and fire-filled bubbles of See also:

air. See also:

Man himself and the animals had come into being by like transmutations. Mankind was supposed by Anaximander to have sprung from some other See also:

SPECIES

species of animals, probably aquatic. But as the measureless and endless had been the See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime cause of the See also:

motion into See also:

SEPARATE

separate existences and individual forms, so also, according to the just See also:

AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award of destiny, these forms would at an appointed See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season suffer the vengeance due to their earlier See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of separation, and return into the vague immensity whence they had issued. Thus the See also:

WORLD

world, and all definite existences contained in it, would lose their See also:

independence and disappear in the " indeterminate." The blazing orbs, which have See also:

DRAWN

drawn off from the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold earth and See also:

WATER

water, are the temporary gods of the world, clustering round the earth, which, to the See also:

ancient thinker, is the central figure. See Histories of the Ionian School by Ritten, See also:

Mallet; See also:

SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher, " Dissert. sur la philosophie d'Anaximandre," in the Mimoires de l'acad. See also:

des sciences de See also:

Berlin (1815); J. See also:

Burnet, See also:

Early Greek Philosophy (Lond. 1892) ; A. W.

Benn, Greek Philosophers (Lond. 1883 See also:

FOIL

foil.) ; A. See also:

FAIRBANKS, ERASTUS (1792–1864)

Fairbanks, First Philosophers of Greece ((Lond. 189; See also:

Ritter and See also:

Preller, Historia Phil. §§ 17-22; Mullach, Fragmenta Phil. Graec. i. 237-240, and IONIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY. ANA%IMENES, of See also:

LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus (fl. 380-320 B.C.), Greek rhetorician and historian, was a favourite of Alexander the See also:

GREAT

Great, whom he accompanied in his See also:

Persian campaigns. He wrote histories of Greece and of See also:

Philip, and an epic on Alexander (fragments in See also:

Muller, Scriptores Rerum Alexandri Magni). As See also:

ANBAR

ANBAR a rhetorician, he was a determined opponent of Isocrates and his school. The Rhetorica ad Alexandrum, usually included among the See also:

WORKS

works of Aristotle, is now generally admitted to be by Anaximenes, although some consider it a much later See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production (edition by Spengel, 1847).

See P. Wendland, Anax. von Lampsakos (1905) ; also See also:

RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

RHETORIC. ANA%IMENES, of Miletus, Greek philosopher in the latter See also:

HALF

half of the 6th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have been. He held that the air, with its variety of contents, its universal presence, its vague associations in popular See also:

FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy with the phenomena of life and growth, is the source of all that exists. Everything is air at different degrees of See also:

DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density, and under the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, which expands, and of cold, which contracts its See also:

VOLUME

volume, it gives rise to the several phases of existence. The See also:

PROCESS

process is See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual, and takes See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in two directions, as heat or cold predominates. In this way was formed a broad disk of earth, floating on the circumambient air. Similar condensations produced the See also:

sun and stars; and the flaming See also:

state of these bodies is due to the velocity of their motions. See See also:

Schmidt, Dissertatio de Anaximensis psychologia (See also:

JENA

Jena, 1869); Ritter and Preller, Historia Phil. §§ 23-27; A. Fairbanks, First Philosophers of Greece (1898) ; Mullach, Fragmenta Phil. Graec. i.

241-243; alSO IONIAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY; See also:

EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION.

End of Article: ANAXARCHUS (c. 340 B.C.)

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