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See also:CHARLES XI . (1655-1697), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sweden, the only son of Charles X., and Hedwig Leonora of See also:Holstein-Gottorp, was See also:born in the See also:palace at See also:Stockholm, on the 24th of See also:November 1655. His See also:father, who died when the See also:child was in his See also:fourth See also:year, See also:left the care of his See also:education to the regents whom he had appointed. So shamefully did they neglect their See also:duty that when, at the See also:age of seventeen, Charles XI. attained his See also:majority, he was ignorant of the very rudiments of See also:state-See also:craft and almost illiterate. Yet those nearest to him had See also:great hopes of him. He was known to be truthful, upright and See also:God-fearing; if he had neglected his studies it was to devote himself to manly See also:sports and exercises; and in the pursuit of his favourite pastime, See also:bear-See also:hunting, he had already given proofs of the most splendid courage. It was the See also:general disaster produced by the speculative policy of his former guardians which first called forth his See also:sterling qualities and hardened him into a premature manhood. With indefatigable See also:energy he at once attempted to grapple with the difficulties of the situation, waging an almost desperate struggle with See also:sloth, corruption and incompetence. Amidst universal anarchy, the See also:young king, barely twenty years of age, inexperienced, See also:ill-served, snatching at every expedient, worked See also:day and See also:night in his newly-formed See also:camp in Scania (Skane) to See also:arm the nation for its mortal struggle. The victory of Fyllebro (Aug. 17, 1676), when Charles and his See also:commander-in-See also:chief S. G. Helmfeld routed a Danish See also:division, was the first gleam of See also:good See also:luck, and on the 4th of See also:December, on the tableland of Helgonaback, near See also:Lund, the young See also:Swedish monarch defeated See also:Christian V. of See also:Denmark, who also commanded his See also:army in See also:person. After a ferocious contest, the Danes were practically annihilated. The See also:battle of Lund was, relatively to the number engaged, one of the bloodiest engagements of See also:modern times. More than See also:half the combatants (8357, of whom 3000 were Swedes) actually perished on the battle-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field. All the Swedish commanders showed remarkable ability, but the chief See also:glory of the day indisputably belongs to Charles XI. This great victory restored to the Swedes their self-confidence and See also:prestige. In the following year, Charles with 9000 men routed 12,000 Danes near See also:Malmo (See also:July 15, 1678). This proved to be the last pitched battle of the See also:war, the Danes never again venturing to attack their once more invincible enemy in the open field. In 1679 See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI., who bitterly resented " the insufferable tutelage " of the See also:French king, was forced at last to acquiesce in a See also:peace which at least left his See also:empire practically intact. Charles devoted the See also:rest of his See also:life to the gigantic task of rehabilitating Sweden by means of a reduktion, or recovery of alienated See also:crown lands, a See also:process which involved the examination of every See also:title See also:deed in the See also:kingdom, and resulted in the See also:complete readjustment of the finances. But vast as it was, the reduktion represents only a tithe of Charles XI.'s immense activity. The constructive See also:part of his See also:administration was equally thorough-going, and entirely beneficial. Here, too, everything was due to his See also:personal initiative. See also:Finance, See also:commerce, the See also:national armaments by See also:sea and See also:land, judicial See also:procedure, See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church See also:government, education, even See also:art and science—everything, in short—emerged recast from his shaping See also:hand. Charles XI. died on the 5th of See also:April 1697, in his See also:forty-first year. By his beloved See also:consort Ulrica Leonora of Denmark, from the See also:shock of whose See also:death in July 1693 he never recovered, he had seven See also:children, of whom only three survived him, a son Charles; and two daughters, Hedwig See also:Sophia, duchess of Holstein, and Ulrica Leonora, who ultimately succeeded her See also:brother on the Swedish See also:throne. After Gustavus See also:Vasa and Gustavus See also:Adolphus Charles XI. was, perhaps, the greatest of all the See also:kings of Sweden. His modest, homespun figure has indeed been unduly eclipsed by the brilliant and See also:colossal shapes of his heroic father and his meteoric son; yet in reality Charles XI. is far worthier of *dmiration than either Charles X. or Charles XII. He was inan eminent degree a great See also:master-builder. He found Sweden in ruins, and devoted his whole life to laying the solid See also:foundations of a new See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of things which, in its essential features, has endured to the See also:present day.
See See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin Veibull, Sveriges Storhedstid (Stockholm, 1881); See also:Frederick See also:Ferdinand Carlson, Sveriges Historia under Konungarne of Pfalziska Ifuset (Stockholm, 1883–1885) ; See also:Robert Nisbet See also:Bain, Scandinavia (See also:Cambridge, 19o5); O. Sjogren, Karl den Elite och Svenska Folket (Stockholm, 1897); S. See also:Jacobsen, Den nordiske Kriegs Kronicke, 1695–1679 (See also:Copenhagen, 1897) ; J. A. de Mesmes d'Avaux, Negotiations du See also:comte d'Avaux, 1693, 1697, 1698 (See also:Utrecht, 1882, &c.). (R. N.
End of Article: CHARLES XI
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