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See also:CHRESTIEN, FLORENT (1541—1596) , See also:French satirist and Latin poet, the son of See also:Guillaume Chrestien, an eminent French physician and writer on See also:physiology, was See also:born at See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans on the 26th of See also:January 1541. A See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Henri See also:Estienne, the Hellenist, at an See also:early See also:age he was appointed See also:tutor to See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of See also:Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., who made him his librarian. Brought up as a Calvinist, he became a convert to Catholicism. He was the author of many See also:good See also:translations from the See also:Greek into Latin See also:verse,—amongst others, of versions of the See also:Hero and Leander attributed to See also:Musaeus, and of many epigrams from the See also:Anthology. In his translations into French, among which are remarked those of See also:Buchanan's Jephthe (1567), and of See also:Oppian De Venatione (1575), he is not so happy, being rather to be praised for fidelity to his See also:original than for excellence of See also:style. His See also:principal claim to a See also:place among memorable satirists is as one of the authors of the Satyre Menippee, the famous See also:pasquinade in the See also:interest of his old pupil, Henry IV., in which the harangue put into the mouth of See also:cardinal de See also:Pell/6 is usually attributed to him. He died on the 3rd of See also:October 1596 at See also:Vendome.
CHR$TIEN, or CRESTIEN, DE See also:TROYES, a native of See also:Champagne, and the most famous of French See also:medieval poets. Unfortunately we have few exact details as to his See also:life, and See also:opinion differs as to the precise See also:dates to be assigned to his poems. We know that he wrote the See also:Chevalier de la Charrette at the command of See also:Marie, countess of Champagne (the daughter of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VII. and Eleanor, who married the See also:count of Champagne in 1164), and Le See also:Conte del Graal or See also:Perceval for See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, count of See also:Flanders, who died of the See also:plague before See also:Acre in 1191. This See also:prince was See also:guardian to the See also:young See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, Philip See also:Augustus, and held the regency from 118o to 1182. As Chretien refers to the See also:story of the See also:Grail as the best See also:tale told an See also:cort roial, it seems very probable that it was composed during the See also:period of the count's regency. It was See also:left unfinished, and added to at See also:divers times by at least three writers, Wauchierde I)enain, See also:Gerbert de See also:Montreuil and Manessier. The second of these states definitely that Chretien died before he could finish his poem. Probably the period of his See also:literary activity lies between the dates 1150 and 1182, when his See also:patron, Count Philip, See also:fell into disgrace at See also:court. The extant poems of Chretien de Troyes, in their See also:chronological See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order are, Erec et Enide, Cliges, Le Chevalier de la Charrette (or See also:Lancelot), Le Chevalier an See also:Lion (or Yvain), and Le Conte del Graal (Perceval), all dealing with Arthurian See also:legend. Besides these he states in the opening lines of Cliges that he had composed a See also:Tristan (of which so far no trace has been found), and had made certain translations from See also:Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses. A portion of the last has been found by Gaston See also:Paris included in the See also:translation of Ovid made by Chretien Legouais. There exists also a poem, Guillaume d' Angleterre, purporting to be by Chretien, but the authorship is a See also:matter of debate. See also:Professor Foerster claims it as genuine, and includes it in his edition of the poems, but Gaston Paris never accepted it.
Chretien's poems enjoyed widespread favour, and of the three most popular (Erec, Yvain and Perceval) there exist old Norse translations, while the two first were admirably rendered into See also:German by See also:Hartmann von Aue. There is an See also:English translation of the Yvain, Ywain and See also:Gawain, and there are Welsh versions of all three stories, though their exact relation to the French has not been determined. Chretien's style is easy and graceful, such as might be expected from a court poet; he is See also:analytical, but not dramatic; in See also:depth of thought and See also:power of characterization he is decidedly inferior to Wolfram von Eschenbach, and as a poet he is probably to be ranked below See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas, the author of the Tristan, and the translator of Thomas, Gottfried von See also:Strassburg. Much that has been claimed as characteristic of his See also:work has been shown by M. Willmotte to be merely reproductions of literary conceits employed by his predecessors; in the words of a See also:recent writer, M. Wilier, " Chretien semble moins avoir ete un createur epique qu'un habile arrangeur." The See also:special interest of his pc See also:ems lies in the problems surrounding their origin. So far as the See also:MSS. are concerned they are the earliest Arthurian romances we possess. Did Chretien invent the genre, or did he simply turn to See also:account the work of earlier, and less favoured, poets? See also:Round this point the See also:battle still rages hotly, and though the extensive claims made by the enthusiastic editor of his See also:works are gradually yielding to the force of See also:critical investigation, it cannot be said that the question is in any way settled (see ARTHURIAN LEGEND).
Chretien's poems, except the Perceval, have been critically edited by Professor Foerster (4 vols.). There is no easily available edition of the Perceval, which was printed from the See also:Mons MS. by M. Potvin (6 vols., 1866-1871), but is difficult to procure. For Ywain and Gawain see the edition by Schleich (1887). The German versions are in Deutsche Classiker See also:des Mittelalters, 1888 (Iwein), 1893 (Erec) ; the Welsh, in See also:Lady See also:Charlotte See also:Guest's translation of the See also:Mabinogion (Nutt, 1902) ; Scandinavian translations, ed. E. Kolbing (1872). For See also:general See also:criticism see Willmotte, L'See also:Evolution du See also:roman See also:francais aux environs de 1150 (1903) ; also Legend of See also:Sir Lancelot and Legend of Sir See also:Percival (See also:Grimm Library); and M. Borodine, La Femme et l'amour an XIP siecle, d'apres See also:les poemes de Chretien de Troyes (1909).
End of Article: CHRESTIEN, FLORENT (1541—1596)
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