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See also:GRANVELLA, See also:ANTOINE PERRENOT, See also:CARDINAL DE (1517-
1586), one of the ablest and most influential of the princes of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church during the See also:great See also:political and ecclesiastical movements which immediately followed the See also:appearance of Protestantism in See also:Europe, was See also:born on the loth of See also:August 1517 at See also:Besancon, where his See also:father, See also:Nicolas Perrenot de Granvella (1484-1550), who afterwards became See also:chancellor of the See also:empire under See also:Charles V., was practising as a lawyer. Later Nicolas held an influential position in the See also:Netherlands, and from 1530 until his See also:death he was one of the See also:emperor's most trusted advisers in See also:Germany. On the completion of his studies in See also:law at See also:Padua and in divinity at See also:Louvain, Antoine held a canonry at Besancon, but he was promoted to the bishopric of See also:Arras when barely twenty-three (1540). In his episcopal capacity he attended several diets of the empire, as well as the opening meetings of the See also:council of. See also:Trent; and the See also:influence of his father, now chancellor, led to his being entrusted with many difficult and delicate pieces of public business, in the See also:execution of which he See also:developed a rare See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent for See also:diplomacy, and at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time acquired an intimate acquaintance with most of the currents of See also:European politics. One of his specially noteworthy performances was the See also:settlement of the terms of See also:peace after the defeat of the See also:league of See also:Schmalkalden at See also:Muhlberg in 1547, a settlement in which, to say the least, some particularly See also:sharp practice was exhibited. In 1550 he succeeded his father in the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of secretary of See also:state; in this capacity he attended Charles in the See also:war with See also:Maurice, elector of See also:Saxony, accompanied him in the See also:flight from See also:Innsbruck, and afterwards See also:drew up the treaty of See also:Passau (August 1552). In the following See also:year he conducted the negotiations for the See also:marriage of See also:Mary of See also:England and See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II. of See also:Spain, to whom, in 1555, on the See also:abdication of the emperor, he transferred his services, and by whom he was employed in the Netherlands. In See also:April 1559 Granvella was one of the See also:Spanish commissioners who arranged the peace of Cateau Cambresis, and on Philip's withdrawal from the Netherlands in August of the same year he was appointed See also:prime See also:minister to the See also:regent, See also:Margaret of See also:Parma. The policy of repression which in this capacity he pursued during the next five years secured for him many tangible rewards, in 156o he was elevated to the archiepiscopal see of See also:Malines, and in 1561 he received the cardinal's See also:hat; but the growing hostility of a See also:people whose religious convictions he had set himself to trample under See also:foot ultimately made it impossible for him to continue in the See also:Low Countries; and by the See also:advice of his royal See also:master he, in See also:March 1564, retired to Franche See also:Comte. Nominally this withdrawal was only of a temporary See also:character, but it proved to be final. The following six years were spent in See also:comparative quiet, broken, however, by a visit to See also:Rome in 1565; but in 1570 Granvella, at the See also:call of Philip, resumed public See also:life by accepting another See also:mission to Rome. Here he helped to arrange the See also:alliance between the Papacy, See also:Venice and Spain against the See also:Turks, an alliance which was responsible for the victory of See also:Lepanto. In the same year he became See also:viceroy of See also:Naples, a See also:post of some difficulty and danger, which for five years he occupied with ability and success. He was summoned to See also:Madrid in 1595 by Philip II. to be See also:president of the council for See also:Italian affairs. Among the more delicate negotiations of his later years were those of 158o, which had for their See also:object the ultimate See also:union of the crowns of Spain and See also:Portugal, and those of 1584, which resulted in a check to See also:France by the marriage ,of the Spanish infanta See also:Catherine to Charles See also:Emmanuel, See also:duke of See also:Savoy. In the same year he was made See also:archbishop of Besancon, but meanwhile he had been stricken with a lingering disease; he was never enthroned, but died at Madrid on the 21st of See also:September 1586. His See also:body was removed to Besancon, where his father had been buried. Granvella was a See also:man of great learning, which was equalled by his See also:industry, and these qualities made him almost indispensable both to Charles V. and to. Philip II.
Numerous letters and See also:memoirs of Granvella are preserved in the archives of Besancon. These were to some extent made use of by Prosper Leveque in his Memoires pour servir (1753), as well as by the See also:Abbe Boisot in the Tresor de Granvella. A See also:commission for See also:publishing the whole of the letters and memoirs was appointed by See also:Guizot in 1834, and the result has been the issue of nine volumes of the Pa piers d'Etat du cardinal de Granvelle, edited by C. See also:Weiss (See also:Paris, 1841—1852). They See also:form a See also:part of the Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France, and were supplemented by the See also:Correspondence du cardinal Granvelle, 1565—1586, edited by M. E. Poullet and G. J. C. Piot (12 vols., See also:Brussels, 1878-1896). See also the See also:anonymous Histoire du cardinal de See also:Granville, attributed to Courchetet D'Esnans (Paris, 1761); J. L. See also:Motley, Rise of the Dutch See also:Republic; M. Philippson, Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. (See also:Berlin, 1895) ; and the See also:Cambridge See also:Modern See also:History (vol. iii. 1904).
End of Article: GRANVELLA, ANTOINE PERRENOT, CARDINAL DE
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