Online Encyclopedia
Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
INDIA AND
Online EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Home :: I27-INV
del.icio.us it!
|
See also:INDIA AND See also:CEYLON See also:Oriental, with the See also:title of See also:Turkish See also:Spy, Lettres chinoises, &c. These productions were usually issued in periodical See also:form, and, besides an immense amount of worthless tittle-tattle, contain some valuable See also:matter. During the first See also:half of the See also:century See also:France has little of importance to show in periodical literature. The Nouvelles ecclesiastiques (1728–1803) were first printed and circulated secretly by the Jansenists in opposition to the Constitution unigenitus. The See also:Jesuits retaliated with the Supplement See also:des nouvelles ecclesiastiques (1734–1748). The promising title may have had something to do with the temporary success of the Memoires secrets de la republique des lettres (1744–1748) of the See also:marquis d'See also:Argens. In the Observations sur See also:les ecrits modernes (1735–1743) See also:Desfontaines held the See also:gates of Philistia for eight years against the Encyclopaedists, and even the redoubtable See also:Voltaire himself. It was continued by the Jugements sur quelques ouvrages nouveaux (1744–1745). The name of See also:Freron, perhaps the most vigorous enemy Voltaire ever encountered, was See also:long connected with Lettres sur quelques ecrits de ce temps (1749–1754), followed by L'Annee litteraire (1754–1790). Among the contributors of Freron was another manufacturer of See also:criticism, the See also:abbe de la See also:Porte, who, having quarrelled with his confrere, founded Observations sur la litterature moderne (1749--1752) and L'Observateur litteraire (1758–1761). A number of See also:special See also:organs came into existence about this See also:period. The first, treating of See also:agriculture and domestic See also:economy, was the See also:Journal economique (175r–,772); a Journal de See also:commerce was founded in 17J9; periodical See also:biography may be first seen in the Necrologe des hommes celebres de France (1764–1782); the See also:political economists established the Ephemerides du citoyen in 1765; the first Journal d'See also:education was founded in 1768, and the Courrier de la mode in the same See also:year; the See also:theatre had its first See also:organ in the Journal des theatres (1770); in the same year were produced a Journal de musique and the Encyclopedie militaire; the See also:sister service was supplied with a Journal de marine in 1778. We have already noticed several See also:journals specially devoted to one or other See also:foreign literature. It was See also:left to Freron, See also:Grimm, See also:Prevost and others in 1754 to extend the See also:idea to all foreign productions, and the Journal etranger (1754–1762) was founded for this purpose. The See also:Gazette litteraire (1764–1766), which had Voltaire, See also:Diderot and See also:Saint-See also:Lambert among its editors, was intended to swamp the small See also:fry by criticism; the Journal des dames (1759–1778) was of a See also:light See also:magazine class; and the Journal de See also:monsieur (1776–1783) had three phases of existence, and died after extending to See also:thirty volumes. The Memoires secrets pour servir a l'histoire de la republique des lettres (1762–1787), better known as Memoires de See also:Bachaumont, from the name of their founder, furnish a See also:minute See also:account of the social and See also:literary See also:history for a period of twenty-six years. Of a similar See also:character was the See also:Correspondence litteraire secrete (1774–1793), to which Mctra was the See also:chief contributor. L'Esprit des Journaux (1772–1818) forms an important literary and See also:historical collection, which is rarely to be found See also:complete. The See also:movement of ideas at the See also:close of the century may best be traced in the Annales politiques, civiles, et litteraires (1777–1792) of See also:Linguet. The See also:Decade philosophique (year V., or 1796/1797), founded by Ginguene, is the first periodical of the magazine class which appeared after the storms of the Revolution. It was a See also:kind of resurrection of See also:good See also:taste; under the See also:empire it formed the See also:sole See also:refuge of the opposition. By a See also:decree of the 17th of See also:January 1800 the consulate reduced the number of Parisian journals to thirteen, of which the Decade was one; all the others, with the exception of those dealing solely with See also:science, See also:art, commerce and advertisements, were suppressed. A See also:report addressed to See also:Bonaparte by Fievice1 in the year XI. (1802/1803) furnishes a See also:list of fifty-one of these See also:periodicals. In the year XI II. (1804/1805) only seven non-political serials were permitted to appear. Between 1815 and 1819 there was a See also:constant struggle between freedom of thought on the one See also:hand and the censure, the See also:police and the See also:law See also:officers on the other. This oppression led to the See also:device of " semi-periodical " publications, of which La Minerve francaise (1818–1820) is an instance. It was the See also:Satire Menippee of the Restoration, and was brought out four times a year at irregular intervals. Of the same class was the Bibliotheque historique (1818–182o), another See also:anti-royalist organ. The censure was re-established in 182o and abolished in 1828 with the See also:monopoly. It has always seemed impossible to carry on successfully in France a See also:review upon the lines of those which have become so numerous and important in See also:England. The Revue britannique (1825–1901) had, however, a long career. The See also:short-lived Revue francaise 1828–183o), founded by See also:Guizot, See also:Remusat, De See also:Broglie, and the See also:doctrinaires, was an See also:attempt in this direction. The well-known Revue des deux mondes was established in 1829 by See also:Segur-Dupeyron and Mauroy, but it ceased to appear at the end of the year, and its actual existence See also:dates from its acquisition in 1831 by See also:Francois Buloz,2 a masterful editor, i The novelist and publicist See also:Joseph Fievice (1767–1839), known for his relations with See also:Napoleon I., has been made the subject for a study by Sainte-Beuve (Causeries, v. 172). 2 This remarkable See also:man (1804–1877) began See also:life as a shepherd. Educated through the charity of M. Naville, he came to See also:Paris asunder whose energetic management it soon achieved a See also:world-wide reputation. The most distinguished names in See also:French literature have been among its contributors, for whom it has been styled the " See also:vestibule of the See also:Academy." It was preceded by a few months by the Revue de Paris (1829–1845), founded by See also:Veron, who introduced the novel to periodical literature. In 1834 this was See also:purchased by Buloz, and brought out concurrently with his other Revue. While the former was exclusively literary and See also:artistic, the latter dealt more with See also:philosophy. The Revue independanie (18.41-1848) was founded by See also:Pierre See also:Leroux, See also:George See also:Sand and Viardot for the See also:democracy. The times of the consulate and the empire were the subjects dealt with by the Revue de l'empire (1842–1848). In Le Correspondent (1843), established by See also:Montalembert and De See also:Falloux, the Catholics and See also:Legitimists had a valuable supporter. The Revue contemporaine (1852), founded by the See also:comte de Belval as a royalist organ, had joined to it in 1856 the See also:Athenaeum See also:francais. The Revue germanigue (1858) exchanged' its exclusive name and character in 1865 to the Revue moderne. The Revue europeenne (1859) was at first subventioned , like the Revue contemporaine, from which it soon withdrew See also:government favour. The Revue nationale (186o) appeared quarterly, and succeeded to the Magazin de librairie (1858). The number of French periodicals, reviews and magazines has enormously increased, not only in Paris but in the provinces. In Paris the number of periodicals published in 1883 was 1379; at the end of 1908 there were more than 3500 of all kinds. The chief current periodicals may be mentioned in the following See also:order. The list includes a few no longer published. See also:Archaeology.—Revue archeologique (186o), bi-monthly; Ami des monuments (1887); Bulletin de numismatique (1891); Revue biblique (1892); L'Annee epigraphique (1880)—a sort of supplement to the Corpus inscriptionum latinarum; Celtica (1903)—See also:common to France and England; Gazette numismatique francaise (1897); Revue semitique d'epigraphie et d'histoire ancienne (1893); Bulletin monumental, bi-monthly; L'Intermediaire, weekly, the French " Notes and Queries," devoted to literary and antiquarian questions. See also:Astronomy.—Annuaire astronomique et meteorologique (1901); Bulletin astronomique (1884), formerly published under the title Bulletin des sciences mathematiques et astronomiques. Bibliography. Annales de bibliographie theologique (1888) ; Le bibliographe moderne (1897) ; Bibliographie anatomique (1893); Bibliographie scientifique francaise (1902); Bulletin des bibliotheques et des archives (1884); Bulletin des livres relatifs a l'Amerique (1899); Courrier des bibliotheques (1910) ; Repertoire methodique de l'histoire moderne et contemporaine de la France (1898); Repertoire methodique du moyen See also:age francais (1894) ; Revue bibliographique et critique des langues et litteratures See also:romanes (1889) ; Revue des bibliotheques (1891) ; Polybiblion: revue bibliographique universelle, monthly; Revue generale de bibliographie francaise, bi-monthly. See also:Children's Magazines.—L'Ami de la jeunesse; Le Jeudi de la jeunesse, weekly. Fashions.—La Mode illustree; Les Modes, monthly. See also:Fine Arts.—Les Arts (1902); Gazette des See also:beaux-arts (1859), monthly, with Chronique des arts; Revue de fart ancien et moderne (1897) monthly; L'Art decoratif, monthly, Art et decoration, monthly; L'Art pour tous, monthly; La Decoration, monthly; L'Architeciurejournal of the See also:Soc. centrale des Architectes francais, weekly; L'Art (1875) is no longer published. See also:Geography and Colonies.—Bulletin de geographic historique; Annales de geographie (1891), with useful quarterly bibliography; Nouvelles geographiques—supplement to the Tour du monde 0891); La See also:Vie coloniale (1902); La Geographie, monthly, published by the Soc. de Geographie (1900); Revue de geographie, monthly; Revue geo,graphique internationale, monthly. History.—For long the chief organs for history and archaeology were the Bibliotheque de l'ecole des chartes (1835), appearing every two months and dealing with the See also:middle ages, and the See also:Cabinet historique (1855), a monthly devoted to See also:MSS. and unprinted documents. The Revue historique (1876) appears bi-monthly; there is also the Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine. Law and See also:Jurisprudence. Annales de See also:droit commercial (1877) ; Revue algerienne et tunisienne de legislation et de jurisprudence (1885) ; Revue du droit public et de la science politique (1894) ; Revue generale du droit See also:international public (1894). Literary Reviews.—The Revue des deux mondes and the Correspondant have already been mentioned. One of the first of See also:European weekly reviews is the Revue critique (1866). The Revue politique et litteraire, successor to the Revue des See also:tours litteraires (1863) and known as the Revue bleue, also appears weekly. Others of See also:interest are: Antes, revue mensuelle de litterature (1904) ; L'Art et la vie (1892) ; Cosmopolis (1896) ; L'Ermitage (1890) ; Le Mercure de France, serie moderne (189o), a magazine greatly valued in literary circles; La Revue de Paris, fortnightly (1894), and the Nouvelle Revue (1879) a compositor, and by translating from the See also:English earned sufficient to See also:purchase the moribund Revue des deux mondes, which acquired its subsequent position in spite of the tyrannical editorial behaviour of the proprietor. Buloz is said to have eventually enjoyed an income of 365,000 francs from the Revue. I58 both serious rivals of the Revue des deux mondes; Revue francaise d'Edimbourg (1897); Revue germanique (1905); Le Livre (1880), dealing with bibliography and literary history, and La Revue latine (1902), no longer published; La Revue, monthly. See also:Mathematics.—Intermediaire des mathematiciens (1894); Bulletin des sciences mathematiques (1896); Revue de mathematiques speciales (1890) ; Journal de mathematiques pures et appliquies, quarterly. See also:Medicine.—Revue de midecine (1881) ; Annales de l'Ecole de plein exercise de medicine et de pharmacie de Marseille (1891); La Chronique medecale (1893); Revue de gynecologie, bi-monthly; La Semaine medicale, weekly; Journal d'See also:hygiene, monthly. Military.—Revue des troupes coloniales, monthly; La Revue d'infantrie, monthly. See also:Music.—Musica (1902); Revue d'histoire et de critique musicale (1901) ; Annales de la musique; Le Minestral, weekly. See also:Philology.—L' Annie linguistique (1901–1902) ; Bulletin de la societi des parlers de France (1893) ; Bulletin des humanitis francais (1894) ; Bulletin hispanique (1899); Bulletin italien (1901); See also:Lou-Gai-Sabe-Antoulongio prouvencalo (1905); Le Maitre phonetique (1886); Le Moyen Age (1888) ; Revue de la See also:renaissance (1901); Revue de metrique et de versification (1894–1895) ; Revue des etudes grecques (1888) ; Revue des etudes rabelaisiennes (1903); Revue des parlers populaires (1902); Revue des See also:patois (1887); Revue hispanique (1894); Revue celtique, quarterly; Revue de philologie francaise et de literature. Philosophy and See also:Psychology. — Revue philosophique (1876), monthly; Annales des sciences psychiques (1891); L'Annee philosophique (1890), See also:critical and See also:analytical review of all philosophical See also:works appearing during the year; L'Annee psychologique (1894); Journal de psychologie normale et pathologie (1904) ; Bulletin de l'inslitut See also:general de psychologie (1903) ; Revue de l'hypnotisme el de la psychologie physiologique (1900) ; Revue de metaphysique et de morale (1893); Revue de philosophie (1900); Revue de psychiatrie (1897). Physics and See also:Chemistry.—Bulletin des sciences physiques (1888) ; L'Eclairage electrique (1894); Le See also:Radium (1904); Revue generale des sciences pures et appliquees (1890); Revue pratique de l'ilectriciti (1892). Popular and See also:Family Reviews.—A travers le monde (1898); Femina (1901); Je See also:sais tout (1905); La Lecture moderne (1901); La Revue hebdomadaire (1892); Les Lectures pour tous (1898); Mon See also:bonheur (1902); La Vie heureuse (1902). Science (General).—La Nature, weekly;. Revue scientifique (1863), weekly; La Science francaise, monthly.—Science (Applied): Les inventions illustrees, weekly; Revue industrielle, weekly.—Science (Natural) : Archives de biologie; Journal de botanique (1887); L'Annee biologique (1895) ; Revue des sciences naturelles de l'ouest (1891); Revue generale de botanique (1889) ; La See also:Pisciculture pratique (1895).—Science (Political, Sociological and Statistical) : Annales economiques (founded as La France commerciale in 1885) ; L'Annee sociologique (1896–1897); Bulletin de l'See also:office du travail (1894); Bulletin de l'office international du travail (1902) ; Le Mouvement socialiste—international bi-monthly (1899); Notices et comptes rendus de l'office du travail (1892); L'Orient et l'abeille du Bosphore (1889); Revue politique et parlementaire (1894) ; Revue international de sociologie, monthly. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML. Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide. |
|
|
[back] INDIA |
[next] INDIA OFFICE |