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See also:INNOCENT XII . (See also:Antonio Pignatelli), See also:pope from 1691 to 1700 in See also:succession to See also:Alexander VIII., was See also:born in See also:Naples on the 13th of See also:March 1615, was educated at the Jesuit See also:College in See also:Rome, entered upon his See also:official career at the See also:age of twenty, and became See also:vice-See also:legate of See also:Urbino, See also:governor of See also:Perugia, and See also:nuncio to See also:Tuscany, to See also:Poland and to See also:Austria. He was made See also:cardinal and See also:archbishop of Naples by Innocent XI., whose pontificate he took as a See also:model for his own, which began on the 12th of See also:July 1691. Full of reforming zeal, he issued ordinances against begging, extravagance and gambling; forbade See also:judges to accept presents from suitors; built new courts of See also:justice; prohibited the See also:sale of offices, maintaining the See also:financial See also:equilibrium by reducing expenses; and, an almost revolutionary step, struck at the See also:root of nepotism, in a See also:bull of 1692 ordaining that thenceforth no pope should See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant estates, offices or revenues to any relative. Innocent likewise put an end to the strained relations that had existed between See also:France and the See also:Holy See for nearly fifty years. He adjusted the difficulties over the See also:regalia, and obtained from the See also:French bishops the virtual repudiation of the See also:Declaration of Gallican Liberties. He confirmed the bull of Alexander VIII. against See also:Jansenism (1696); and, in 1699, under pressure from See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., condemned certain of See also:Fenelon's doctrines which See also:Bossuet had denounced as quietistic (see FENELON). When the question of the See also:Spanish succession was being agitated he advised See also:Charles II. to make his will in favour of the See also:duke of See also:Anjou. Innocent died, on the See also:eve of the See also:great conflict, on the 27th of See also:September 1700. Moderate, benevolent, just, Innocent was one of the best popes of the See also:modern age.
See Guarnacci, Vitae et res gestae Pontiff. Rom. (Rome, 1751), i. 389 sqq.; See also:Ranke, Popes (EnF. trans., See also:Austin), iii. 186 sqq.; v. See also:Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom. iii. 2, p. 64o sqq.; and the Bullarium Innoc. XII. (Rome, 1697). (T. F.
End of Article: INNOCENT XII
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