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MENABREA, LUIGI FEDERICO

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 108 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MENABREA, See also:LUIGI FEDERICO , See also:Marquis of Valdora (1809 1896), See also:Italian See also:general and statesman, was See also:born at See also:Chambery on the 4th of See also:September 1809. He was educated at the university of See also:Turin, where he qualified as an engineer and became a See also:doctor of See also:mathematics. As an officer of See also:engineers he replaced See also:Cavour in 1831 at the fortress of Bardo. He then became See also:professor of See also:mechanics and construction at the military See also:academy and at the university of Turin. See also:King See also:Charles See also:Albert sent him in 1848 on See also:diplomatic See also:missions to secure the See also:adhesion of See also:Modena and See also:Parma to See also:Sardinia. He entered the Piedmontese See also:parliament, and was attached successively to the Ministries of See also:War and See also:Foreign Affairs. He belonged to the right centre, and until the events of 1859 he believed in the possibility of a See also:compromise between the Vatican and the See also:state. He was See also:major-general and commanderin-See also:chief of the engineers in the Lombard See also:campaign of 1859. He superintended the See also:siege See also:works against Peschiera, was See also:present at Palestro and See also:Solferino, and repaired the fortifications of some of the See also:northern fortresses. In 186o he became See also:lieutenant-general and conducted the siege of See also:Gaeta. He was appointed senator and received the See also:title of See also:count. Entering the See also:Ricasoli See also:cabinet of 1861 as See also:minister of marine, he held the See also:portfolio of public works until 1864 in the succeeding See also:Farini and See also:Minghetti cabinets.

After the war of 1866 he was chosen as Italian plenipotentiary for the negotiation of the treaty of See also:

Prague and for the See also:transfer of See also:Venetia to See also:Italy. In See also:October 1867 he succeeded Rattazzi in the premiership, and was called upon to See also:deal with the difficult situation created by See also:Garibaldi's invasion of the Papal States and by the See also:catastrophe of Mentana. Menabrea disavowed Garibaldi and instituted judicial proceedings against him; but in negotiations with the See also:French See also:government he See also:pro-tested against the retention of the temporal See also:power by the See also:pope and insisted on the Italian right of interference in See also:Rome. He was in the See also:secret of the See also:direct negotiations between See also:Victor Emanuel and See also:Napoleon III. in See also:June 1869, and refused to entertain the See also:idea of a French See also:alliance unless Italy were allowed to occupy the Papal States, and, on occasion, Rome itself. On the See also:eve of the See also:assembly of the See also:Oecumenical See also:Council at Rome Menabrea reserved to the Italian government its right in respect of any See also:measures directed against Italian institutions. He with-See also:drew from See also:seminary students in 1869 the exemption from military service which they had hitherto enjoyed. Throughout his See also:term of See also:office he was supported by the See also:finance minister Count Cambray Digny, who forced through parliament the grist tax proposed by Quintino See also:Sella, though in an altered See also:form from the earlier proposal. After a See also:series of changes in the cabinet, and many crises, Menabrea resigned in See also:December 1869 on the See also:election of a new chamber in which he did not command a See also:majority. He was made marquis of Valdora in 1875. His successor in the premiership, Giovanni See also:Lanza, in See also:order to remove him from his influential position as aide-de-See also:camp to the king, sent him to See also:London as See also:ambassador, where he remained until in 1882 he replaced General Cialdini at the See also:Paris See also:Embassy. Ten years later he withdrew from public See also:life, and died at See also:Saint Capin on the 24th of May 1896.

End of Article: MENABREA, LUIGI FEDERICO

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