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SAN MARINO

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 154 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SAN See also:MARINO , a See also:republic in See also:northern See also:Italy, 14 m. S.W. of See also:Rimini by road. Pop. (1901) about 1600 (See also:town); 9500 (whole territory). It is the smallest republic in the See also:world (32 sq. m. in See also:area). According to tradition, the republic was founded by St See also:Marinus during the persecutions under See also:Diocletian, while his See also:companion, St See also:Leo, founded the See also:village of that name 7 M. to the S.W., with La Rocca its old See also:castle, now a See also:prison, in which the impostor See also:Cagliostro died in 1795. The See also:history of S. Marino begins with the 9th See also:century, the monastery of S. Marino having existed demonstrably since 885. In the loth century a communal constitution was established. The republic as a See also:rule avoided the See also:faction fights of the See also:middle ages, but joined the Ghibellines and was interdicted by the See also:pope in 1247-1249. After this it was protected by the Montefeltro See also:family, later See also:dukes of See also:Urbino, and the papacy, and successfully resisted the attempts of Sigismondo Malatesta against its See also:liberty.

In 1503 it See also:

fell into the hands of See also:Caesar See also:Borgia, but soon regained its freedom. Other attacks failed, but See also:civil discords in the meantime increased. Its See also:independence was recognized in 1631 by the papacy. In 1739 See also:Cardinal See also:Alberoni attempted to deprive it of its independence, but this was restored in 1740 and was respected by See also:Napoleon. See also:Garibaldi entered it in 1849, on his See also:retreat from See also:Rome, and there disbanded his See also:army. The town stands on the See also:north end of a precipitous See also:rock (2437 ft.) which bears the name of See also:Monte Titano; each of the three summits is crowned by fortifications—that on the north by a castle, the other two by towers. The arms of the republic are three peaks, each crowned with a See also:tower. There are traces of three different enceintes, of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The See also:chief square, the Pianeilo, contains the new Palazzo del Governo in the See also:Gothic See also:style (1894) and a statue of Liberty (1876). The See also:principal See also:church (Pieve), in classical style, See also:dates from 1826-1838, and contains the See also:body of St Marinus. The old church, then demolished, is first mentioned in 1113, but was several times restored. S.

See also:

Francesco has some paintings by Niccolo Alunno of See also:Foligno and other later artists, and a See also:pretty loggia. The museum contains a few pictures of various See also:schools and some Umbrian antiquities. Bartolommeo See also:Borghesi, the epigraphist and numismatist, resided here from 1821 until his See also:death in 186o. The Borgo at the See also:base of the rock is a chiefly commercial village. The supreme See also:power of the republic resides in the See also:general See also:assembly (Arringo) which meets twice a See also:year. It is governed by two Capitani Reggenti, selected twice a year from the 6o See also:life-members of the See also:Great See also:Council, which is composed of 20 representatives of the See also:nobility,' 20 of the landowners and 20 of the citizens. They are assisted by a small See also:committee of 12 of the ' Not a few Italians possess titles of nobility of San Marino. Great Council. The available armed forces of the republic See also:form a See also:total of about 1200 men, all citizens able to See also:bear arms being technically obliged to do so from the See also:age of 16 to 6o years. San Marino issues its own See also:postage-stamps, and makes thereby a considerable income. It also issues its own See also:copper coinage, which circulates in Italy also; but See also:Italian See also:money is current for the higher values. Most of the republic falls within the See also:diocese of Montefeltro, a small portion within that of Rimini.

See C. See also:

Ricci, La Repubblica di San Marino (See also:Bergamo, 1903). SAN See also:MARTIN, JOSE DE (1778-1850), See also:South See also:American soldier and statesman, was See also:born at Yapeyu on the See also:Uruguay See also:river on the 25th of See also:February 1778. His See also:father was a See also:captain in the See also:Spanish army, and See also:young San Martin was taken to See also:Madrid and educated for a military career. He served in the Moorish See also:wars and in the great struggle against Napoleon, and his distinguished conduct at the See also:battle of Baylen brought him the See also:rank of See also:lieutenant-See also:colonel. In 1812 he offered his services to the See also:government of Buenos Aires in the struggle for the independence of See also:Argentina. He was appointed See also:early in 1814 to the command of the revolutionary army operating against the royalists on the See also:borders of Upper See also:Peru. But he soon resigned his command, realizing that for the permanent success of the revolutionary cause it was necessary first to oust the Spaniards from See also:Chile and then to organize an expedition thence against the stronghold of Spanish power on Peru. With this end in view he secured his See also:appointment to the governorship of the See also:province of Cuyo, bordering on the Chilean See also:Andes, and established him-self at See also:Mendoza, where he prepared for the invasion of Chile. Assisted by Bernardo O'See also:Higgins, he rallied the Chilean patriots who had fled across the mountains after their defeat at Rancagua; he enlisted the sympathies of the See also:Argentine government, and after two years succeeded in raising a well-trained army of Chileans and Argentines and in See also:collecting the material resources necessary for a See also:crossing of the Andes. In See also:January 1817 he set out on his enterprise. By the swiftness of his movements and by a See also:clever feint he evaded opposition, and he led his army, of about 3000 See also:infantry and r000 See also:cavalry, together with See also:artillery and large baggage trains, through a barren and difficult region, and over passes 13,000 ft. above See also:sea-level.

The victory of Chacabuco (Feb. 12, 1817) over the royalist army led to the re-See also:

establishment of a nationalist government at See also:Santiago under Bernardo O'Higgins, as San Martin himself wished to prepare for the invasion of Peru; but in 1818 he took command of the Chilean forces against a fresh royalist army, and by his victory at the river Maipo in See also:April finally secured the independence of Chile. This See also:left him See also:free to organize the expedition against Peru, and assisted by O'Higgins and the Argentine government, he See also:pro-cured the necessary See also:fleet and the army. He set out in See also:August 182o, landed his forces for a See also:short See also:time at Pisco, where he tried to enter into negotiations with the See also:viceroy of See also:Lima, and then transported his army with the help of the fleet to a point on the See also:coast a little way north of Lima. Here he spent several months of inaction, hoping that the demonstration of force and the See also:influence of popular feeling would See also:lead to a peaceful withdrawal of the Spaniards. In See also:July 1821 the Spaniards evacuated Lima, San Martin entered the See also:city, proclaimed the independence of Peru and assumed the reins of government with the See also:title of See also:Protector. His position, however, was far from secure. The royalist party, never having been decisively crushed, organized risings in the interior, and San Martin was embarrassed by the See also:jealousy which his authority roused among the patriots, and by the rivalry of See also:Bolivar, who had arrived with an army on the northern frontier of Peru. San Martin resigned his authority on the loth of See also:September 1822 and left the See also:country. He spent a short time in Chile and in Argentina, but his many enemies had embittered popular feeling against him, and See also:constant attempts were made to involve him in See also:political intrigues. Unable to live a peaceful private life, be was compelled to See also:exile himself in See also:Europe, where he lived, often in great poverty, till his death at See also:Boulogne on the 17th of August 185o. San Martin did more than any See also:man for the cause of independence in the Argentine, Chile and Peru.

He was not only an able soldier; in the clearness with which he realized that the independence of each See also:

state could only be secured by the co-operation of all, and in the perseverance with which he carried his views into See also:execution he showed himself a far-seeing and honest statesman. See W. Pilling, Emancipation of South See also:America (See also:London, 1893), a See also:translation of B. See also:Mitre's life of San Martin; P. B. Figueroa, Diccionario biografco de Chile (Santiago, 1888) and J. B. See also:Suarez, Rasgos biografcos de hombres notables de Chile (See also:Valparaiso, 1886), both giving sketches of prominent characters in Chilean history. See also See also:works on the See also:period mentioned under CHILE: Bibliography.

End of Article: SAN MARINO

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