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cover has been pushed aside to show the interior of the gill-cavity. Sea-horses differ from pipe-fishes by having a prehensile and invariably finless tail; it is See also:

long, slender, tapering, quadrangular in a transverse See also:

section, and, like the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

BODY

body, encased in a dermal See also:

SKELETON

skeleton, which consists of horny segments, allowing of ventral, and in a less degree of lateral, but not of dorsal, flexion.

The typical sea-horse (Hippocampus) can coil up a See also:

GREAT

great portion of its tail, and firmly attach itself by it to the stems of sea-weeds or similar See also:

OBJECTS

objects. The body is compressed and more or less elevated, and the head terminates in a long tubiform snout, at the end of which is the small mouth. The configuration of the fore See also:

PART

part of the body, as well as the See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar manner in which the head is joined to the See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck-like part of the See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, bears a striking resemblance to a horse's head. Sea-horses are See also:

BAD, BCD

bad swimmers and are unable to resist currents. With the aid of their single dorsal fin, which is placed about the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

fish's body and can be put into a rapid undulatory See also:

motion, they shift from See also:

time to time to some See also:

OBJECT

object near them, remaining stationary among vegetation or See also:

CORAL

coral where they find the requisite amount of See also:

food and sufficient cover. Their coloration and the tubercles or spines on the head and body, sometimes with the addition of skinny flaps and filaments, closely resemble their surroundings, and constitute the means by which these See also:

defence-less creatures See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape detection by their enemies. These protective structures are most See also:

DEVELOPED

developed in the Australian genus Phyllopteryx, one of the most singular types of littoral fishes. Sea-horses belong to the tropics and do not extend so far north as pipe-fishes. They are abundant at suitable localities, chiefly on the coral-See also:

banks of the Indoo-Pacific Ocean. Some See also:

FORTY

forty See also:

SPECIES

species are known, of which the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority belong to the genus Hippocampus proper. They vary from 2 to 12 in. in length; but in See also:

CHINA

China and See also:

AUSTRALIA

Australia a genus (Solenognathus) occurs, the species of which attain to a length of nearly 2 ft.; they, however, in form resemble pipe-fishes rather than sea-horses. The species which may be sometimes seen in See also:

EUROPEAN

European aquaria is Hippocam pus antiquorum, See also:

COMMON

common in the Mediterranean and on the coasts of See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal and See also:

France.

It is rare on the south See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of England, but it has often been captured on the See also:

Essex coast. About 1885, according to Dr J. Murie, two See also:

Leigh fishermen when shrimping at See also:

HARWICH

Harwich during the summer See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season succeeded in procuring altogether between too and 120 specimens. The food of the sea-horses consists probably of very small invertebrates and the See also:

fry of other fishes. Like the other Lophobranchiates, they take great care of their progeny. The male Hippocampus carries the ova in a See also:

sac on the See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

side of the tail, in which they are hatched; in the other genera no closed pouch is developed, and the ova are embedded in the soft and thickened integument of either the See also:

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen or the tail. All that is known of the habits of these interesting fishes will be found summarized in a valuable See also:

paper by T. Gill, " The See also:

LIFE

Life See also:

HISTORY

History of the Sea-Horses (Hippocampids)," in Proc. U.S. Nat. See also:

Mus. See also:

XXVIII

xxviii. (1905), p.

8o5. SEA-KALE, Crambe maritima, a See also:

hardy perennial, a member of the natural See also:

order See also:

CRUCIFERAE

Cruciferae, which grows See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild along the coasts of England, of See also:

Ireland and of the Scottish lowlands, along the western coasts of See also:

EUROPE

Europe, and on the Baltic, reappearing on the See also:

Black Sea. In cultivation sea-kale prefers a See also:

LIGHT

light dry See also:

SOIL

soil, and when manure is necessary it should consist of sea-See also:

WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed or well-rotted dung; or a dressing of See also:

salt or of nitrate of soda may be given. When raised from seeds, they should be sown in See also:

March or See also:

APRIL

April in rows t ft. asunder, the See also:

PLANTS

plants being thinned to 6 in. apart. In the following March these should be planted out in trenched well-prepared ground, 2 ft. asunder, in rows 2r to 3 ft. apart. The See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top with the See also:

CROWN

crown buds should be cut off before planting to prevent them from See also:

RUNNING

running to See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed. In the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the second See also:

YEAR

year the See also:

young shoots if blanched will be See also:

fit for use, and therefore the summer growth should be promoted by the use of See also:

WATER

water and liquid manure. Tolerably blanched stalks may be produced by plants only nine months old from the seed, and after two summers seedling plants will have acquired sufficient strength for See also:

general cropping. The seeds, instead of being sown in rows and transplanted,may be deposited in patches of three or four together, where they are to remain. In the autumn, after the leaves have been cleared off, the ground should be forked up, and 6 or 8 inches' See also:

DEPTH

depth of leaves or of light sandy soil laid over the plants, by either of which means they will be blanched, though not forced. The blanched sprouts should be cut for use whilst they are crisp, compact and from 3 to 6 in. in length, the See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem being cut quite down to the See also:

BASE

base. Sea-kale beds may be made from cuttings of the roots of very healthy plants, the extremities of the roots, technically called " thongs," being best adapted for this purpose.

They should be taken up in autumn, cut into lengths of about 4 in., and laid in a heap of See also:

sand or See also:

earth till spring, when they should be planted out tike the seedlings. Forcing.—Sea-kale may be forced in the open beds by the aid of sea-kale pots or covers, which are contracted a little at top, with a movable lid. One of the ,earthenware covers, or an inverted See also:

flower-pot, is placed over each plant, or each patch of plants, and leaves of trees are closely packed See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the pots, and raised to about t ft. above them. When See also:

FERMENTATION

fermentation commences, the temperature within should not exceed 6o° F. If the crowns are thus covered up by about the end of See also:

OCTOBER

October, the See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop may be cut by about the third See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, and by starting a batch at various times a See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply may be kept up till the middle of May. Strong plants may also be taken up and planted on hotbeds, the sashes being kept covered See also:

close; or they may be set thickly in boxes as recommended for See also:

RHUBARB

rhubarb, and placed in any heated structure, or in the See also:

MUSHROOM

mushroom See also:

house; but, to have the shoots crisp and See also:

TENDER

tender as well as blanched, light must be completely excluded. Besides the common See also:

PURPLE

purple-leaved, there is a See also:

green-leaved sort, which is said to blanch better.

End of Article: SEAHAM HARBOUR

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