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See also:SUNDERLAND, See also:ROBERT See also:SPENCER, 2ND See also:EARL OF (1640-17o2); See also:English politician, was the only son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry Spencer (162o--1643) , who succeeded his See also:father, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, as 3rd See also:Baron Spencer of Wormleighton in 1636. This See also:barony had been bestowed in 1603 upon See also:Sir Robert Spencer (d. 1627), the only son of Sir See also:John Spencer (d. 1600) of Althorp, See also:Northamptonshire, who claimed descent from the baronial See also:family of See also:Despenser. The fortunes of the family were founded by Sir John Spencer (d. 1522) of Snitterfield, See also:Warwickshire, a wealthy grazier. His descendant, Sir Robert Spencer, the 1st baron, was in 1603, " reputed to have by him the most See also:money of any See also:person in the See also:kingdom.
Sir Robert's See also:grandson, Henry, the 3rd baron, was created earl of Sunderland in See also:June 1643, and was killed at the See also:battle of See also:Newbury when fighting for the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king a little later in the same See also:year. He married Dorothy (1617-1684), daughter of. Robert See also:Sidney, and earl of See also:Leicester. She was the Sacharissa of the poems of her admirer, See also:Edmund See also:Waller, and for her second See also:husband she married Sir Robert Smythe. Their son Robert, the 2nd earl, was educated abroad and at See also:Christ See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, and in 1665 married See also:Anne (d. 1715), daughter of john See also:Digby, 3rd earl of See also:Bristol; she was both a beauty and an heiress, and is also famous for her knowledge and love of intrigue. Having passed some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in the See also:court circle, Sunderland was successively See also:ambassador at See also:Madrid, at See also:Paris and at See also:Cologne; in 1678 he was again ambassador at Paris. In See also:February 1679, when the See also:country was agitated by real or fancied dangers to the See also:Protestant See also:religion, the earl entered See also:political See also:life as secretary of See also:state for the See also:northern See also:department and became at once a member of the small clique responsible for the See also:government of the country. He voted for the exclusion of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James, See also:duke of See also:York, from the See also:throne, and made overtures to William, See also:prince of See also:Orange, and consequently in 1681 he lost both his secretaryship and his seat on the privy See also:council. See also:Early in 1683, however, through the See also:influence of the king's See also:mistress, the duchess of See also:Portsmouth, Sunderland regained his See also:place as secretary for the northern department, the See also:chief feature of his See also:term of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office being his rivalry with his See also:brother-in-See also:law, See also:George See also:Savile, See also:marquess of See also:Halifax. By this time he had made his See also:peace with the duke of York, and when in February 1685 James became king, he retained his position of secretary, to which was soon added that of See also:lord See also:president of the council. He carried out the wishes of the new See also:sovereign and after the intrigues of a few months he had the See also:satisfaction of securing the dismissal of See also:- LAWRENCE
- LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
- LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
- LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
- LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
- LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
- LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
- LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
- LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)
Lawrence See also:Hyde, earl of See also:Rochester, from his See also:post as lord treasurer. He was a member of the See also:commission for ecclesiastical causes, and although afterwards he claimed that he had used all his influence to dissuade James from removing the tests, and in other ways illegally favouring the See also:Roman Catholics, he signed the See also:warrant for the committal of the seven bishops, and appeared as a See also:witness against them. It should be mentioned that while Sunderland was thus. serving James II., he was receiving a See also:pension from See also:France, and through his wife's See also:lover, Henry Sidney, afterwards earl of See also:Romney, he was furnishing William of Orange with particulars about affairs in See also:England.
In the last months of James's reign he was obviously uncomfortable. Although he had in 1687 openly embraced the Roman See also:Catholic faith, he hesitated to commit himself entirely to the acts of the fierce devotees who surrounded the king, whom he advised to See also:reverse the arbitrary acts of the last year or two, and in See also:October 1688 he was dismissed by James with the remark " I See also:hope you will be more faithful to your next See also:master than you have been to me."
Sunderland now took See also:refuge in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, and from See also:Utrecht he sought to justify his See also:recent actions in A See also:letter to a friend in the country. He had been too deeply involved in the arbitrary acts of James II. to find a place at once among the advisers of William and See also:Mary, and he was excepted from the See also:act of See also:indemnity of 1690. However, in 1691, he was permitted to return to England, and he declared himself a Protestant and began to attend the sittings of See also:parliament. But his experience was invaluable and soon he became prominent in public affairs, a visit which William III. paid him at Althorp, his Northamptonshire seat, in 1691, being the prelude to his recall into the royal counsels. It was his See also:advice which led the king to choose all his ministers from one political party, to adopt the See also:modern See also:system, and he managed to effect a reconciliation between William and his See also:sister-in-law, the princess Anne. From See also:April to See also:December 1697 he discharged the duties of lord See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain, and for See also:part of this time he was one of the lords justices, but the See also:general suspicion with which he was regarded terrified him, and in December he resigned. The See also:rest of his life was passed in seclusion at Althorp, where he died on the 28th of See also:September 1702. The earl was a See also:great gambler, but he was wealthy enough also to spend money on improving his See also:house at Althorp, which he beautified both within and without. His only surviving son was See also:Charles Spencer, 3rd earl of Sunderland (q.v.).
Lord Sunderland possessed a keen See also:intellect and was consumed by intense restlessness; but his See also:character was wanting in See also:stead-fastness, and he yielded too easily to opposition. His adroitness in intrigue and his fascinating See also:manners were exceptional even in an See also:age when such qualities formed part of every statesman's See also:education; but the characteristics which ensured him success in the House of Lords and in the royal closet led to failure in his attempts to understand the feelings of the See also:mass of his country-men. Consistency of conduct was not among the See also:objects which he aimed at, nor did he shrink from thwarting in See also:secret a policy which he supported in public. A large See also:share of the discredit attaching to the See also:measures of James II. must be assigned to the earl of Sunderland.
The best See also:account of Sunderland is the See also:article by T. Seccombe in the Dict. Nat. Biog., which gives a full bibliography.
End of Article: SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)
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