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SUNDERLAND , a seaport and municipal, See also:county and See also:parliamentary See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough of See also:Durham, See also:England, at the mouth of the See also:river See also:Wear, on the See also:North-Eastern railway, 261 m. N. by W. from See also:London. Pop. (1891), 131,686; (Igo') 146,077. The borough includes the township of Bishopwearmouth, to the See also:south of Sunderland proper, which lies on the south See also:bank of the river; and that of Monkwearmouth, on the north bank. Adjacent to Monkwearmouth on the north-See also:west is the extensive See also:urban See also:district of Southwick, within the parliamentary borough. A See also:great See also:cast-See also:iron See also:bridge crosses the river with a single span of 236 ft. and a height of too ft. above See also:low See also:water. It was designed by See also:Rowland Burdon, opened in 1796, and widened under the direction of See also:Robert See also:Stephenson in 1858. The only See also:building,of antiquarian See also:interest is the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, Monkwearmouth, in which See also:part of the See also:tower and other portions belong to the Saxon building attached to the monastery founded by See also:Benedict Biscop in 674. The church of St See also:Michael, Bishopwearmouth, is on an See also:ancient site, but is a rebuilding of the 19th See also:century. There is a large See also:park at Roker on the north-See also:east of the See also:town, a favourite seaside resort, and (among other parks) that at Bishopwearmouth contains a See also:bronze statue of See also:Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Havelock, who was See also:born (1795) at See also:Ford See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall in the neighbourhood.
The prosperity of Sunderland rests on the coalfields of the neigh-bourhood, the existence of which gave rise to an export See also:trade in the reign of Henry VII., which has grown to great importance. Manufacturing See also:industries include See also:shipbuilding, iron and See also:steel See also:works, See also:engineering, See also:anchor and See also:chain See also:cable, See also:glass and See also:bottle and chemical works and See also:paper See also:mills. See also:Limestone is largely worked. For 5 m. above its mouth the Wear resembles on a reduced See also:scale the See also:Tyne in its See also:lower course. The See also:harbour is constantly undergoing improvement. The docks See also:cover an See also:area of upwards of 200 acres, and there are several graving docks up to 441 ft. in length. The parliamentary borough returns two members. The municipal borough is under a See also:mayor, 16 aldermen and 42 councillors, and has an area of 3357 acres.
The See also:history of Sunderland is complicated by the name Wear-mouth (Wiramuth, Wermuth) being applied impartially to the See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
Monk's town on the north bank of the Wear; the See also:Bishop's town on the south and the neighbouring See also:port now known as Sunderland. In both Monk's and Bishop's Wearmouth the See also:settlement was connected with the church. Benedict Biscop in 674 obtained from See also:Ecgfrith See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Northumbria seventy hides of See also:land on the north bank of the river, on which he founded the See also:Benedictine monastery of St Peter. Not more than a See also:year after the See also:foundation Benedict brought over skilled masons and glass-workers from See also:Gaul who wrought his church in the See also:Roman See also:fashion, the See also:work being so speedily done that See also:Mass was celebrated there within the year. A subsequent visit to See also:Rome resulted in a See also:letter from See also:Pope See also:Agatho exempting his monastery from all See also:external See also:control. Later Benedict acquired three hides on the south See also:side of the river. The See also:abbey, where See also:Bede was educated, was destroyed by the Danes and probably not rebuilt until Bishop Walcher (1071—1o8i) settled Aldwin and his companions there. They found the walls in ruins from the neglect of 208 years, but the church was soon rebuilt. Bishop See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of St Carileph (1081—1099), desiring to acquire the possessions of the See also:house for his new foundation of Durham, transferred the monks there, Wearmouth becoming henceforward a See also:cell of the larger house. Meanwhile Bishop's Wearmouth was becoming important, having been granted to the bishops by tEthelstan in 930. As a See also:possession of the see it is mentioned in Boldon See also:Book in See also:conjunction with See also:Tunstall as an See also:ordinary rural See also:vill rendering one milch cow to the bishop, while the See also:demesne and. its See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill rendered £20, the See also:fisheries £6 and the borough of Wearmouth 20S. There seems no doubt but that the borough, identical with that to which Bishop Robert de Pinset granted his See also:charter, was in reality Sunderland, the name Wearmouth being used to cover Bishop's and Monk's Wearmouth and the See also:modern Sunderland. It was from Wearmouth that See also:Edgar )Etheling set See also:sail for See also:Scotland, the See also:account implying that this was ,a frequented port. In 1197 the town of Wearmouth rendered 37s. 4d. See also:tallage during the vacancy of the see, and in 1306—1307 the See also:assessment of a tenth for Bishop's Wearmouth was £s, 5s. 4d., while that of Monk's Wearmouth was £1, 6s. 8d. Probably the See also:northern town remained entirely agricultural, while the See also:shipping trade of Bishop's Wearmouth was steadily increasing. In 1382 what was probably a See also:dock there rendered 2S., and in 1385 the issues of the town were See also:worth £45, 9S. 2d. annually. In 1431 the See also:rent of See also:assize from the demesne lands of Monk's Wearmouth was £5, Is. od. A further contrast is shown by the number of houseling persons, or those who received the See also:sacrament, returned in 1548: Bishop's Wearmouth had 700 and Monk's Wearmouth 300. From this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, at least, Bishop's Wearmouth seems to have been completely identified with Sunderland: in 1567 Wearmouth was one of the three ports in Durham where pre-cautions were to be taken against pirates, while no mention is made of Sunderland. Monk's Wearmouth remained purely agricultural until 1775, when a shipbuilding yard was established and prospered to such an extent that by 1795 five similar yards were at work.
The Boldon Book states that Sunderland was at See also:farm in 1183 and rendered too shillings and the town of Sunderland rendered 58 shillings tallage in 1197 during the vacancy of the see. In 1382 See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Menvill held the borough, which with its yearly See also:free rent, courts and tolls was worth £1, 12s. 8d. See also:Edward IV. in 1464, sede vacante, granted a See also:lease of the borough, and in 1507, 1 See also:Cardinal See also:Bainbridge granted it by See also:copyhold at a rent of £6,
which dropped to £4 in 159o. Bishop See also:Morton incorporated Sunderland in 1634, stating that it had been a borough from time immemorial under the name of the New Borough of Wear-mouth. This charter lapsed during the See also:Civil See also:Wars, when the borough was sold with the See also:manor of See also:Houghton-le-See also:Spring for X2851, 9S. 6d. Nevertheless the inhabitants retained their rights. Sunderland became a parliamentary borough returning two members in 1834. The charter of 1634 granted a See also:market and See also:annual See also:fair which are still held. The charter of Bishop See also:Hugh provided for pleas between burgesses and See also:foreign merchants, and directed that merchandise brought by See also:sea should be landed before See also:sale, except in the See also:case of See also:salt and See also:herrings Bishop See also:Hatfield gave a lease of the fisheries in 1358. In the 15th century commissions were held touching See also:salmon-fisheries and obstructions in the Wear, while Bishop See also:Barnes (1577-1587) appointed a water-See also:bailiff for the port, and licensed the building of wharves for the sale of See also:coal. During the 17th century Sunderland was the seat of a See also:vice-See also:admiralty See also:court for the county See also:palatine and in 1669 letters patent permitted the erection of a See also:pier and lighthouse as the harbour was " very commodiously situate for the shipping of vast quantities of sea-toles plentifully gotten and wrought there."
See William See also:Hutchinson, History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham (See also:Newcastle, 1785–1794) ; J. W. Summers, History and Antiquities of Sunderland (Sunderland, 1858); See also:Victoria County History: Durham.
End of Article: SUNDERLAND
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