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money as the money called " Lushburgh." Such importation is still an offence, though no longer treason. After the Statute of Treasons a vast number of acts dealing with smuggling. were passed, most of which will be found recited in the repealing See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1825. In the 18th and the See also:

early years of the 19th century, smuggling (chiefly of See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

BULLION

bullion). was so generally practised in See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain as to become a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

NATIONAL

national failing. The prevalence of the offence may be judged from the See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of See also:

Sir J. See also:

Cope's See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee in 1732 upon the frauds on the revenue. The smuggler of the 18th century finds an apologist in See also:

Adam See also:

Smith, who writes of him as " a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who, though no doubt highly blamable for violating the laws of his See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, is frequently incapable of violating those of natural See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and would have been in every respect an excellent See also:

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen had not the laws of his country made that a See also:

CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime which nature never meant to be so." The See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual reduction of duties brought the offence in the See also:

UNITED

United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom into See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative insignificance, and it is now almost confined to tobacco, though the See also:

SUGAR

sugar duty has led to smuggling of See also:

SACCHARIN

saccharin.. Most of the existing legislation on the subject of smuggling is contained in the Customs Consolidation Act 1876. The See also:

main provisions are as follows. Vessels engaged in smuggling are liable to See also:

FORFEITURE (from " forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. forfeit, from the late Lat. foris factum, a trespass, that which is done foris, outside)

forfeiture and their owners and masters to a See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty not exceeding {.500.

Smuggled and prohibited goods are liable to forfeiture. See also:

OFFICERS

Officers of customs have a right of See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of vessels and persons. Fraudulent evasion or attempted evasion of customs duties renders the offender subject to forfeit either See also:

TREBLE (a doublet of " triple," three-fold, from Lat. triplus, triple; cf. " double " from duplus)

treble the value of the goods or £See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo at the See also:

election of the commissioners of customs. Heavy penalties are incurred by resistance to officers of customs, See also:

RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue of persons or goods, assembling to run goods, signalling smuggling vessels, See also:

SHOOTING

shooting at vessels, boats, or officers of the See also:

NAVAL

naval or revenue service, cutting adrift customs vessels, offering goods for See also:

sale under pretence of being smuggled, &c. Penalties may he recovered either by See also:

ACTION

action or See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information in the See also:

SUPERIOR

superior courts or by See also:

SUMMARY

summary proceedings. In criminal proceedings the See also:

DEFENDANT

defendant is competent and compellable to give See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence. The See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant See also:

SHIPPING

Shipping Act 1894 makes any See also:

SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman or apprentice, after conviction for smuggling whereby loss or damage is caused to the See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of owner of a See also:

SHIP

ship, liable to pay to such master or owner such a sum as is sufficient to reimburse the master or owner for such loss or damage, and the whole or a proportional See also:

PART

part of his See also:

WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages may be retained in See also:

SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of this liability. Additional provisions as to smuggling are also contained in the Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1879, and the Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1881. A smuggling See also:

contract is generally illegal. But it may be valid, and the vendor may recover the See also:

price of goods, even though he knew-the buyer intended them to he smuggled, unless he actually See also:

AIDS

aids in the smuggling so as to become particeps criminis. Contracts to defraud the revenue of a See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

state are, according to See also:

ENGLISH

English decisions, not illegal. There is a See also:

German decision, more consonant with See also:

INTERNATIONAL, THE

international morality, to the opposite effect.

The penalties for smuggling in the United States will be found mainly in tit. xxxiv. ch. io of the Revised Statutes. The seaman guilty' of smuggling is liable to the same penalty as in England, and in addition to imprisonment for twelve months, s. 4596. See See also:

Stephen Dowell's See also:

HISTORY

History of See also:

Taxation (2nd ed., 1888), and See also:

Luke See also:

Owen See also:

Pike's History of Crime in England (1873-1876); and for See also:

general accounts of smuggling see W. D. See also:

Chester, See also:

CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles of the Customs See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department (1885) ; H. N. See also:

SHORE

Shore, Smuggling Days and Smuggling Ways (1892); See also:

ALTON

Alton and See also:

Holland, The See also:

King's Customs (1908); C. G. Harper, The Smugglers: Picturesque Chapters in the See also:

Story of an See also:

Ancient See also:

CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

Craft (1909).

End of Article: SMUGGLING

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