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See also:STANISLAUS I . [LESZCZYNSKI] (1677-1766), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland, See also:born at See also:Lemberg in 1677, was the son of Rafael Leszczynski, See also:palatine of See also:Posen, and See also:Anne See also:Catherine Jablonowska. He married Catherine Opalinska by whom he had one daughter. In 1697, as cupbearer of Poland, he signed the See also:confirmation of the articles of See also:election of See also:Augustus II. In 1703 he joined the Lithuanian Confederacy, which the Sapiehas with the aid of See also:Swedish See also:gold had formed against Augustus, and in the following See also:year was selected by See also:Charles XII. to supersede Augustus. Leszczynski was a See also:young See also:man of blameless antecedents, respect-able talents, and See also:ancient See also:family, but certainly without sufficient force of See also:character or See also:political See also:influence to sustain himself on so unstable a See also:throne. Nevertheless, with the assistance of a bribing fund and an See also:army See also:corps the Swedes succeeded in procuring his election by a scratch See also:assembly of See also:half a dozen castellans and a few See also:score of gentlemen (See also:July 2, 1704). A few months later Stanislaus was forced by a sudden inroad of Augustus to seek See also:refuge in the Swedish See also:camp, but finally on the 24th of See also:September 1705 he was crowned king with See also:great splendour, Charles himself supplying his nominee with a new See also:crown and See also:sceptre in lieu of the ancient See also:regalia which had been carried off to See also:Saxony by Augustus. The first See also:act of the new king was to conclude an See also:alliance with Charles XII. whereby Poland engaged to assist See also:Sweden against the See also:tsar. Stanislaus did what he could to assist his See also:patron. Thus he induced Mazeppa the Cossack See also:hetman to See also:desert See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter at the most See also:critical See also:period of the See also:war, and placed a small army corps at the disposal of the Swedes. But he depended so entirely upon the success of Charles's arms that after See also:Poltava (1709) his authority vanished as a See also:dream at the first See also:touch of reality. The vast See also:majority of the Poles hastened to repudiate him and make their See also:peace with Augustus, and Leszczynski, henceforth a See also:mere pensioner of Charles XII., accompanied Krassau's army corps in its See also:retreat to Swedish See also:Pomerania. On the restoration of Augustus, Stanislaus resigned the See also:Polish Crown (though he retained the royal See also:title) in See also:exchange for the little principality of See also:Zweibrucken. In 1716 he was saved from assassination at the hands of a Saxon officer, See also:Lacroix, by Stanislaus See also:Poniatowski, the See also:father of the future king. He now resided at See also:Weissenburg in See also:Lorraine, and in 1725 had the See also:satisfaction of seeing his daughter See also:Mary become the See also:consort of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XV. and See also:queen of See also:France. His son-in-See also:law supported his claims to the Polish throne after the See also:death of Augustus II. in 1733, which led to the war of the Polish See also:Succession. On the gth of September 1733 Stanislaus himself arrived at See also:Warsaw, having travelled See also:night and See also:day through central See also:Europe disguised as a coachman, and on the followint day, despite many protests, was duly elected king of Poland for the second See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. But See also:Russia, opposed to any nominee of France and Sweden, at once protested against his election; declared in favour of the new elector of Saxony, as being the See also:candidate of her See also:Austrian ally; and on the 3oth of See also:June
1734 a See also:Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacey, after See also:pro-claiming Augustus III. at Warsaw, proceeded to besiege Stanislaus in See also:Danzig where he had intrenched himself with his partisans (including the See also:primate and the See also:French and Swedish ministers) to await the promised succour from France. The See also:siege began in See also:October 1734. On the 17th of See also:March 1735 See also:Marshal Miinnich superseded Lacey, and on the loth of May the See also:long expected French See also:fleet appeared in the roads and disembarked 2400 men. A See also:week after its arrival this little army gallantly attempted to force the Russian intrenchments, but was beaten off and finally compelled to surrender. This, by the way, was the first time France and Russia met as foes in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field. On the 3oth of June 1735 Danzig capitulated unconditionally, after sustaining a siege of 135 days which cost the Russians 8000 men. Stanislaus, disguised as a See also:peasant, had contrived to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape two days before. He was first heard of again at See also:Konigsberg, whence he issued a manifesto to his partisans which resulted in the formation of a See also:confederation on his behalf, and the despatch of a Polish See also:envoy to See also:Paris to urge France to invade Saxony with at least 40,000 men. In the See also:Ukraine too, See also:Count See also:Nicholas See also:Potocki kept on See also:foot to support Stanislaus a See also:motley See also:host of 5o,000 men, which was ultimately scattered by the Russians. In 1736 Stanislaus again abdicated the throne, but received by way of See also:compensation the dukedom of Lorraine and See also:Bar, which was to revert to France on his death. He settled at See also:Luneville, founded there the Academia Stanislas; and devoted himself for the See also:rest of his See also:life to See also:science and philanthropy. He died in 1766 at the See also:age of 89. Among his See also:works may be mentioned: Euvres du philosophe bienfaisant (Paris, 1763; 1866).
See See also:Robert Nisbet See also:Bain, Charles XII. (See also:London, 1895) ; ibid., Pupils of Peter the Great, cap. vi. (London, 1897) ; Czarnowski (See also:Jan Nepomucen), Stanislaw Leszczynski in Poland (Pol: ; Warsaw, 1858) ; Louis Lacroix, See also:Les Opuscules inedites de S. L. (See also:Nancy, 1866) ; Lettres inedites de S. L., ed. P. Bove (Paris, 1901) ; Marchioness See also:Des Reaulx, Le Roi Stanislas et See also:Marie Leszczynski (Paris, 1895). (R. N.
End of Article: STANISLAUS I
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