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SUMO

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Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 407 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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SUMO . 1011~';i-1 sonsanleug See also:

CAISSON (from the Fr. caisse, the variant form " cassoon " being adapted from the Ital. casone)

Caisson No./ :54 as k See also:

TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel and shafts were opened up 25 to 70 yds. apart, from which smaller headings were driven right and See also:

LEFT

left. The tunnel was enlarged to its full See also:

section at different points simultaneously in lengths of 8 yds., the excavation of each occupying about twenty days, and the See also:

MASONRY

masonry fourteen days. Ferroux percussion See also:

air-drills and Brandt rotary See also:

HYDRAULIC

hydraulic drills were used, the performance of the latter being especially satisfactory. After each blast a See also:

FINE

fine spray of See also:

WATER

water was injected, which assisted the See also:

VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation Fins. 7 and 8.-Method of excavation in St Gotthard Tunnel. materially. In the St Gotthard tunnel the See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of the air-drills was relied on for ventilation. In the Arlberg tunnel over 8000 cub. ft. of air per See also:

minute were thrown in by ventilators. To keep See also:

pace with the miners, 900 tons of excavated material had to be removed, and 350 tons of masonry introduced, daily at each end of the tunnel, which necessitated the transit of 450 wagons. The cost per lineal yard varied according to the thickness of masonry lining and the distance from the mouth of the tunnel. For the first thousand yards from the entrance the prices per lineal yard were £ir 8s. for the See also:

LOWER

lower heading; £7 12s. for the upper one; £30 10s. for the unlined tunnel; £45 for the tunnel with a thin lining of masonry; and £i 24 5s. with a lining 3 ft. thick at the See also:

arch, 4 ft. at the sides, and 2 ft.

8 in. at the invert. The Simplon tunnel was begun in 1898 and completed in 1905. It is over 30 % longer than the St Gotthard, and the greatest See also:

DEPTH

depth below the See also:

SURFACE

surface is 7005 ft. A novel method was introduced in the shape of two parallel bores (56 ft. apart, connected at intervals of 66o ft. by oblique galleries), which greatly facilitated ventilation, and resulted in increased See also:

ECONOMY

economy and rapidity of construction, while ensuring the See also:

HEALTH

health of the men. One of these galleries was made large enough for a single-track railroad, and the second is to be enlarged and similarly used. The See also:

DEATH

death-See also:

RATE

rate in the Simplon tunnel was decreased as compared with the St Gotthard from Boo in eight years to 6o in seven years. Had one wide tunnel been made instead of two narrow ones, it would have been difficult to maintain its integrity; even with the narrow See also:

CROSS

cross-section employed the See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor was forced up at points in the solid See also:

rock from the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

WEIGHT

weight above, and had to be secured by See also:

BUILDING

building heavy inverts of masonry. Temperatures were reduced to 89° F. by spraying devices, although the rock temperatures ranged from 129° to 130° F. At one point 4374 yds. from the portal of Iselle the " Great See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring " of See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold water was struck; it yielded 10,564 gallons per minute at 600 lb pressure per sq. in., and reduced the temperature to 55'4 F., the lowest point recorded. A spring of hot water was met on the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

side which discharged into the tunnel 'Coo gallons per minute with a temperature of 113° F. The maximum flow of cold water was 17,081 gallons per minute, and of hot water 4330 gallons per minute. These springs often necessitated a temporary See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of the See also:

WORK

work.

Water See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power from the See also:

Rhone at the Swiss and from the Diveria at the Italian end provided the power for operating all plant during the construction of most of the work. Among the able See also:

ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers connected with this work must be mentioned See also:

ALFRED

Alfred Brandt, a See also:

man of remarkable See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and ability, whose drills were used with much success. He died See also:

early in the work, of injuries received from falling rock. A See also:

GROUP

group of tunnels—the Tauern, Barengraben, Wocheiner and Bosriick—was undertaken by the See also:

AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

government inconnexion with new Alpine railroads to increase the commercial territory tributary to the seaport of See also:

TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste, which at one See also:

time was' greater than See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal tunnel of this group is under the See also:

main See also:

BODY

body of the Tauern See also:

mountain. The bottom drifts met on the 21st of See also:

JULY

July 1907. The difficulties resulted mostly from mountain debris and springs. There are four See also:

minor tunnels between Schwarzach, St See also:

VEIT, PHILIPP (1793-1877)

Veit, and the See also:

north portal of the Tauern, and nineteen between the See also:

south portal and the south slope at Mollbriicken. The electric railway from the Eiger See also:

glacier to near the See also:

SUMMIT

summit of the See also:

JUNGFRAU

Jungfrau includes a tunnel 12 m. See also:

long, 3.6 metres wide and 3.8 metres high, with a midway station, from which a large See also:

PART

part of See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland can be seen. From the Jungfrau See also:

TERMINUS

terminus, at an See also:

ELEVATION

elevation of 13,428 ft., the summit, 242 ft. higher, will be reached by an elevator. The Hoosac tunnel was the first prominent tunnel in See also:

AMERICA

America. It was begun in 1855 and finished in 1876, after many interruptions.

It was memorable for the See also:

ORIGINAL

original use in America of air-drills and See also:

NITROGLYCERIN, C3H

nitroglycerin. The See also:

Pennsylvania railroad tunnels See also:

CROSSING

crossing New See also:

York See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City under 32nd and 33rd Streets are of unusual See also:

SIZE

size. Owing ,to the See also:

close proximity of large buildings and other structures See also:

SPECIAL

special methods were adopted for See also:

MINING

mining the rock to lessen the vibrations by explosions. At 33rd See also:

Street and 4th See also:

AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue the tunnels pass directly under two of the Rapid Transit See also:

SYSTEM

system, above which there is another belonging to the See also:

METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan See also:

TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

Traction See also:

COMPANY

Company, so that there are three tunnels at different levels under the street. Among other rock tunnels may be mentioned the Albula, through a See also:

GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite See also:

ridge of the Rhaetian See also:

ALPS

Alps, for a single-track narrow-See also:

GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge railroad, 3.6 m. long; tunnels on the Midland railway, near Totley in See also:

DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire,=over 3.5 M. long, largely in shale, and at Cowburn, over 2 M. long, in shale and harder rock, each 27 ft. wide and 20.5 ft. high inside; the Suram, on the Trans-See also:

CAUCASUS

Caucasus railway, for See also:

double track, 2.47 M. long, through soft rock; the tail-See also:

RACE

race tunnel for the See also:

Niagara Falls Water Power Company, 1.3 M. long, 19 ft. wide and 21 ft. high, through argillaceous shale' and See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone, costing about $1,250,000; the Tequixquiac outlet to the drainage system for the city of See also:

Mexico, costing $6,760,000; the Cascade, See also:

Washington, part of the Great Northern railroad system, saving 9 m. in distance; and the Gunnison, irrigating 147,000 acres in See also:

COLORADO

Colorado. Tunnelling in Towns.-Where tunnels have to be carried through soft See also:

SOIL

soil in proximity to valuable buildings special precautions have to be taken to avoid See also:

settlement. A successful example of such work is the tunnel driven in 1886 for the Great Northern Railway Company under the Metropolitan See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle - 030 ~ t J See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market, See also:

LONDON

London. This was done by the See also:

CROWN

crown-See also:

bar method, the bars being built in with solid See also:

BRICKWORK

brickwork. The subsidence in the ground was from i to about 31 in. Several buildings were tunnelled under without any structural damage. London has now some 90 M. of tunnels for See also:

RAILWAYS

railways, mostly operated by electric traction. Most of those which have been constructed since 1890 have been tunnelled by the use of cylindrical See also:

SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields and walls of See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron.

Shields about 23 ft. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter were used in constructing the stations on the Central London railway, and one 32 ft. 4 in. in diameter and only 9 ft. 3 in. long was used for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance on the Clapham See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the City and South London railway. •,~x~.~r-ova ~, .~ ,, <s,'See also:

general, the upper See also:

HALF

half of the tunnel was executed first (See also:

FIGS

figs. 9 and ro) and the lower part completed by underpinning. Figs. If, 12 and 13 illustrate a See also:

case of tunnelling near important buildings in See also:

Boston in 1896, with a roof-See also:

shield 29 ft. 4 in. in See also:

EXTERNAL

external diameter. The See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical sidewalls were first made in small drifts, the roof-shield See also:

RUNNING

running on See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of these, and the core was taken out later and the invert or floor of the tunnel put in last. Each hydraulic See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press of the shield reacted against a small continuous cast-iron See also:

rod imbedded in the See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick arch. In some large See also:

SEWERAGE

sewerage tunnels in See also:

Chicago the shields were pushed from a See also:

wall of See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak planks, 8 in. thick, surrounding the brick walls of the See also:

SEWER

sewer. .» .~nyr-ran See also:

Paris has an elaborate See also:

plan for underground railways some 5o m. in length, a considerable number of which have been constructed since 1898 under the See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering direction of F.

Bienvenue. Instead of using completely cylindrical shields and cast-iron walls, as in London, roof-shields (boucliers de vale) were employed for the construction of the upper half of the tunnel, and masonry walls were adopted throughout. In Ventilation of Tunnels.—The simplest method for ventilating a railway tunnel is to have numerous wide openings to daylight at frequent intervals. If these are the full width of the tunnel, at least 20 ft. in length, and not farther apart than 200 yds., it can be naturally ventilated. Such arrangements are, however, frequently impracticable, and then recourse must be had to See also:

MECHANICAL

mechanical means. 111~IkCo~i~flo;. II II II The first application of mechanical or See also:

FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan ventilation to railway tunnels was made in the See also:

Lime Street tunnel of the London and North-Western railway at See also:

Liverpool, which has since been replaced by an open cutting. At a later date fans were applied to the See also:

Severn and See also:

MERSEY

Mersey tunnels. The principle ordinarily acted upon, where mechanical ventilation has been adopted, is to exhaust the vitiated air at a point midway between the portals of a tunnel, by means of a See also:

shaft with which is connected a ventilating fan of suitable power and dimensions. In the case of the tunnel under the See also:

RIVER

river Mersey (fig. 14) such a shaft could not be provided, owing to the river being overhead, but a ventilating heading was driven from the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the river (at which Ipoint entry into the tunnel was effected) to each See also:

SHORE

shore, where a fan 4o ft. in diameter was placed. In this way the vitiated air is See also:

DRAWN

drawn from the lowest point of the railway, while fresh air flows in at the stations on each side to replenish the partial vacuum, as indicated by arrows in the accompanying See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal section of the tunnel.

The principle was that fresh air should enter at each station and " split " each way into the tunnel, and that thus the See also:

ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere on the station platforms should be maintained in a See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of purity. The fans in the Mersey tunnel are somewhat similar to the well-known Guibal fans, with the exception of an important alteration in the shutter.

End of Article: SUMO

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