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young duke of Savoy, who from the first resented the monarch's insolent bearing. In 1685 Victor was forced by Louis to persecute his Waldensian subjects, because they had given shelter to the See also:

French Huguenot refugees after the revocation of the See also:

EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

Nantes. With the unwelcome help of a French See also:

army under See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

CATINAT, NICOLAS (1637-1712)

Catinat, he invaded the Waldensian valleys, and after a difficult See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign, characterized by See also:

GREAT

great See also:

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, he subjugated them. Nevertheless, he became more anxious than ever to emancipate himself from French thraldom, and his first sign of See also:

independence was his visit to See also:

Venice in 1687, where he conferred on See also:

POLITICAL

political affairs with See also:

Prince See also:

EUGENE

Eugene of Savoy and other personages, without consulting Louis. About this See also:

time the duke plunged into a whirl of dissipation, and See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose the beautiful but unscrupulous Contessa di Verrua as his See also:

MISTRESS

mistress, neglecting his faithful and devoted wife. Louis having discovered Victor's intrigues with the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, tried to precipitate hostilities by demanding his participation in a second expedition against the Waldensians. The duke unwillingly complied, but when the French entered See also:

PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont and demanded the cession of the fortresses of Turin and Verrua, he refused, and while still professing to negotiate with Louis, joined the See also:

LEAGUE

league of See also:

Austria, See also:

Spain and Venice. See also:

War was declared in 1690, but at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Staffarda (18th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1691), Victor, in spite of his great courage and skill, was defeated by the French under Catinat.

Other reverses followed, but the attack on See also:

CUNEO (Fr. Coni)

Cuneo was heroically repulsed by the citizens. The war dragged on with varying success, until the severe defeat of the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies at Marsiglia and their selfish neglect of Victor's interests induced him to open negotiations with France once more. Louis agreed to restore most of the fortresses he had captured and to make other concessions; a treaty was signed in 1696, and Victor appointed generalissimo of the Franco-Piedmontese; forces in See also:

Italy operating against the imperialists. By the treaty of See also:

RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick (1697) a See also:

general See also:

peace was concluded. On the out-break of the war of the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession in 1700 the duke was again on the French See also:

side, but the insolence of Louis and of Philip V. of Spain towards him induced him, at the end of the two years for which he had See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound himself to them, to go over to the imperialists (1704). At first the French were successful and captured several Piedmontese fortresses, but after besieging Turin, which was skilfully defended by the duke, for several months, they were completely defeated by Victor and Prince Eugene of Savoy (1706), and eventually driven out of the other towns they had captured. By the peace of See also:

Utrecht (1713) the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers conferred the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily on Victor Amedeus, whose government proved efficient and at first popular. But after a brief stay in the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island he returned to Piedmont and See also:

LEFT

left his new possessions to a See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy, which caused much discontent among the Sicilians; and when the Quadruple See also:

ALLIANCE

Alliance decreed in 1718 that Sicily should be restored to Spain, Victor was unable to offer any opposition, and had to content himself with receiving Sardinia in See also:

EXCHANGE

exchange. The last years of Victor Amedeus's See also:

LIFE

life were saddened by domestic troubles. In 1715 his eldest son died, and in 1728 he lost his See also:

queen. After her See also:

DEATH

death, much against the See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of his remaining son and See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, Carlino (afterwards Charles Emmanuel III.), he married the Contessa di See also:

San Sebastiano, whom he created Marchesa di Spigno, abdicated the See also:

CROWN

crown and retired to See also:

CHAMBERY

Chambery to end his days (1730). But his second wife, an ambitious intrigante, soon tired of her quiet life, and induced him to return to Turin and See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to revoke his See also:

ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication.

This led to a See also:

QUARREL

quarrel with his son, who with quite unnecessary harshness, partly due to his See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister the See also:

MARQUIS

Marquis d'Ormea,arrested his father and confined him at Rivoli and later at Moncalieri; there Victor, overwhelmed with sorrow, died on the 31st of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1732. Victor Amedeus, although accused not without See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of See also:

BAD, BCD

bad faith in his See also:

DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic dealings and of cruelty, was undoubtedly a great soldier and a still greater See also:

ADMINISTRATOR

administrator. He not only won for his See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country a high See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of nations, but he doubled its revenues and increased its prosperity and See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries, and he also emphasized its See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as an See also:

ITALIAN

Italian See also:

state. His infidelity to his wife and his harshness towards his son Carlino are blemishes on a splendid career, but he more than expiated these faults by his tragic end. See D. Carutei, Storia del Regno di See also:

VITTORIO

Vittorio Amedeo H. (Turin, 1856); and E. Parri, Vittorio Amedio II. ed Eugenio di Savoia (See also:

Milan, 1888).

End of Article: VICTOR AMEDEUS II

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