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See also:ANCILLON, JOHANN See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
PETER See also:FRIEDRICH (1766-1837) , Prussian historian and statesman, See also:great-See also:grandson of See also:Charles Ancillon, was See also:born at See also:Berlin on the 3oth of See also:April 1766. He studied See also:theology at See also:Geneva, and after See also:finishing his course was appointed See also:minister to the See also:French community at Berlin. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time his reputation as a See also:historical See also:scholar secured him the See also:post of See also:professor of See also:history at the military See also:academy. In 1793 he visited See also:Switzerland, and in 1796 See also:France, and published the impressions gathered during his travels in a See also:series of articles which he afterwards collected under the See also:title of Melanges de litterature et de philosophic (18o1). Ancillon took See also:rank among the most famous historians of his See also:day by his next See also:work, Tableau See also:des revolutions du systente politique de l'See also:Europe depuis le X TT' siecle (1803, 4 vols.; new ed., 1824), which gained him the eulogium of the See also:Institute of France, and See also:admission to the Academy of Berlin. It was the first See also:attempt to recognize psychological factors in historical movements, but otherwise its importance was exaggerated. Its " sugary optimism, unctuous phraseology and See also:pulpit See also:logic " appealed, however, to the reviving See also:pietism of the See also:age succeeding the Revolution, and these qualities, as well as his eloquence as a preacher, See also:early brought Ancillon into See also:notice at See also:court. In iSo8 he was appointed See also:tutor to the royal princes, in 18o9 councillor of See also:state in the See also:department of See also:religion, and in 1810 tutor of the See also:crown See also:prince (afterwards See also:Frederick See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William IV.), on whose sensitive and dreamy nature he was to exercise a powerful but far from wholesome See also:influence. In See also:October 1814, when his See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil came of age, Ancillon was included by Prince Harden-See also:berg in the See also:ministry, as privy councillor of See also:legation in the department of See also:foreign affairs, with a view to utilizing his supposed gifts as a philosophical historian in the -preparation of the projected Prussian constitution. But Ancillon's reputed liberalism was of too invertebrate a type to survive the trial of actual contact with affairs. The See also:practical difficulty of the constitutional problem gave the " court See also:parson "—as See also:Gneisenau had contemptuously called him—excuse enough for a See also:change of front which, incidentally, would please his exalted patrons. He covered his defection from See also:Hardenberg's liberal constitutionalism by a series of " philosophical " See also:treatises on the nature of the state and of See also:man, and became the soul of the reactionary See also:movement at the Berlin court, and the faithful henchman of Metternich in the See also:general politics of See also:Germany and of Europe.
In 1817 Ancillon became a councillor of state, and in 1818 director of the See also:political See also:section of the ministry for foreign affairs under See also:Count See also:Bernstorff. In his See also:chief's most important work, the See also:establishment of the Prussian See also:Zollverein, Ancillon had no See also:share, while the entirely subordinate role played by See also:Prussia in Europe during this See also:period, together with the See also:personal See also:part taken by the See also:sovereign in the various congresses, gave him little See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope for the display of any See also:diplomatic talents he may have possessed. During this time he found plentiful leisure to write a series of See also:works on political See also:philosophy, such as the Nouveaux essais de politique et de philosophic (See also:Paris, 1824). In May 1831 he was made an active privy councillor, was appointed chief of the department for the principality of See also:Neuchatel, in See also:July became secretary of state for foreign affairs, and in the See also:spring of 1832, on Bernstorff's retirement, succeeded him as See also:head of the ministry.
By the See also:German public, to whom Ancillon was known only through his earlier writings and some isolated protests against the " See also:demagogue-See also:hunting " in See also:fashion at Berlin, his See also:advent to See also:power was hailed as a See also:triumph of liberalism. They were soon undeceived. Ancillon had convinced himself that the rigid class distinctions of the Prussian See also:system were the philosophically ideal basis of the state, and that See also:representation " by estates " was the only See also:sound constitutional principle; his last and indeed only See also:act of importance as minister was his collaboration with Metternich in the See also:Vienna Final Act of the 12th of See also:June 1834, the See also:object of which was to See also:rivet this system upon Germany for ever. He died on the loth of April 1837, the last of his See also:family. His historical importance lies neither in his writings nor in his political activity, but in his personal influence at the Prussian-See also:ANCONA 95
I
court, and especially in its lasting effect on the See also:character of Frederick William IV.
See C. A. L. P. Varnhagen von Ense, Bldtter aus der preussischen Geschichte, 5 vols. (See also:Leipzig, 1868—1869) ; ib. Tagebiicher, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1861); H. O. See also:Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte (Leipzig, 1899—1894), and See also:essay on Ancillon in Preussische Jahrbiicher for April 1872; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, s.v. (Leipzig, 1875).
End of Article: ANCILLON, JOHANN PETER FRIEDRICH (1766-1837)
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