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ANNA LEOPOLDOVNA

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 60 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ANNA LEOPOLDOVNA , sometimes called ANNA CARLOVNA I in Latin began, and a livelier See also:interest was awakened in the (1718-1746), See also:regent of See also:Russia for a few months during the 1 See also:history of See also:Rome. Among the See also:principal writers of this class who succeeded See also:Cato, the following may be mentioned. L. See also:CASSIUS HEMINA (about 146), in the See also:fourth See also:book of his See also:Annals, wrote on the Second Punic See also:War. His researches went back to very See also:early times; See also:Pliny (Nat. Hist. xiii. 13 [27]) calls him vetustissimus auctor annalium. L. See also:CALPURNIUS See also:Piso, surnamed Frugi (see under Prso), wrote seven books of annals, See also:relating the history of the See also:city from its See also:foundation down to his own times. See also:Livy regards him as a less trustworthy authority than See also:Fabius Pictor, and See also:Niebuhr considers him the first to introduce systematic forgeries into See also:Roman history. Q. See also:CLAUDIUS QUADRIGARIUS (about 8o B.C.). wrote a history, in at least twenty-three books, which began with the See also:conquest of Rome by the Gauls and went down to the See also:death of See also:Sulla or perhaps later.

He was freely used by Livy in See also:

part of his See also:work (from the See also:sixth book onwards). A See also:long fragment is preserved in Aulus See also:Gellius (ix. 13), giving an See also:account of the single combat between See also:Manlius Torquatus and the See also:Gaul. His See also:language was antiquated and his See also:style dry, but his work was considered important. See also:VALERIUS ANTIAS, a younger contemporary of Quadrigarius, wrote the history of Rome from the earliest times, in a voluminous work consisting of seventy-five books. He is notorious for his wilful exaggeration, both in narrative and numerical statements. For instance, he asserts the number of the See also:Sabine virgins to have been exactly 527; again, in a certain See also:year when no See also:Greek or Latin writers mention any important See also:campaign, Antias speaks of a big See also:battle with enormous casualties. Nevertheless, Livy at first made use of him as one of his See also:chief authorities, until he became convinced of his untrustworthiness. C. See also:LICINIUS See also:MACER (died 66), who has been called the last of the See also:annalists, wrote a voluminous work, which, although he paid See also:great See also:attention to the study of his authorities, was too rhetorical, and exaggerated the achievements of his own See also:family. Having been convicted of See also:extortion, he committed See also:suicide (See also:Cicero, De Legibus, i. 2, See also:Brutus, 67; See also:Plutarch, Cicero, q).

The writers mentioned dealt with Roman history as a whole; some of the annalists, however, confined themselves to shorter periods. Thus, L.. CAELIUS See also:

ANTIPATER (about 120) limited himself to the Second Punic War. His work was overloaded with rhetorical embellishment, which he was the first to introduce into Roman history. He was regarded as the most careful writer on the war with See also:Hannibal, and one who did not allow himself to be blinded by partiality in considering the See also:evidence of other writers (Cicero, De Oratore, ii. 12). Livy made great use of him in his third See also:decade. SEMPRONIUS ASELLIO (about See also:loo B.C.), military See also:tribune of Scipio See also:Africanus at the See also:siege of See also:Numantia, composed Rerum Gestarum Libri in at least fourteen books. As he himself took part in the events he describes, his work was a See also:kind of See also:memoirs. He was the first of his class who endeavoured to trace the causes of events, instead of contenting himself with a See also:bare statement of facts. L. See also:CORNELIUS SISENNA (119-67), See also:legate of See also:Pompey in the war against the pirates, lost his See also:life in an expedition against See also:Crete.

He wrote twenty-three books on the See also:

period between the Social War and the dictatorship of Sulla. His work was commended by See also:Sallust (Jugurtha, 95), who, however, blames him for not speaking out sufficiently. Cicero remarks upon his fondness for archaisms (Brutus, 74. 259). Sisenna also translated the tales of See also:Aristides of See also:Miletus, and is supposed by some to have written a commentary on See also:Plautus. The autobiography of Sulla may also be mentioned. See C. W. See also:Nitzsch, See also:Die romische Annalistik (1873) ; H. See also:Peter, Zur Kritik der Quellen der dlteren romischen Geschichte (1879) ; L. O. Brooker, Moderne Quellenforscher and antike Geschichtschreiber (1882); fragments in H.

Peter, Historicorum Romanorum Religuiae (187o, 1906), and Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta (1883) ; also articles ROME, History (See also:

ancient) ad fin., See also:section " Authorities," and LivY, where the use made of the annalists by the historian is discussed; Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, See also:art. " Annales "; the histories of Roman Literature by M. Schanz and See also:Teuffel-See also:Schwabe; See also:Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. tr.), bk. ii. ch. 9, bk. in. ch. 14, bk. iv. ch. 13, bk. v. ch. 12; C. See also:Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der See also:alien Geschichte (1895); H. Peter, bibliography of the subject in See also:Bursian's Jahresbericht, cxxvi. (1906). (J. H.

F.) minority of her son See also:

Ivan, was the daughter of See also:Catherine, See also:sister of the empress See also:Anne, and See also:Charles See also:Leopold, See also:duke of See also:Mecklenburg-See also:Schwerin. In 1739 she married Anton See also:Ulrich (d. 1775), son of See also:Ferdinand See also:Albert, duke of See also:Brunswick, and their son Ivan was adopted in 1740 by the empress and proclaimed See also:heir to the See also:Russian See also:throne. A few days after this See also:proclamation the empress died, leaving directions regarding the See also:succession, and appointing her favourite Ernest See also:Biren, duke of See also:Courland, as regent. Biren, however, had made himself an See also:object of detestation to the Russian See also:people, and Anna had little difficulty in overthrowing his See also:power. She then assumed the regency, and took the See also:title of See also:grand-duchess, but she knew little of the See also:character of the people with whom she had to See also:deal, was utterly ignorant of the approved Russian mode of See also:government, and speedily quarrelled with her principal supporters. In See also:December 1741, See also:Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who, from her habits, was a favourite with the soldiers, excited the See also:guards to revolt, overcame the slight opposition that was offered, and was proclaimed empress. Ivan was thrown into See also:prison, where he soon afterwards perished. Anna and her See also:husband were banished to a small See also:island in the See also:river See also:Dvina, where on the 18th of See also:March 1746 she died in childbed.

End of Article: ANNA LEOPOLDOVNA

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