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NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 718 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868) , Lutheran divine, was See also:born at the small Saxon See also:town of See also:Borna near See also:Leipzig on the 21st of See also:September 1787. His See also:father, Karl See also:Ludwig Nitzsch (1751–1831), who at that See also:time was pastor and See also:superintendent in Borna, and afterwards (1790) became See also:professor at See also:Wittenberg and director (1817) of the See also:seminary for preachers, has also See also:left a name of some distinction in the theological See also:world by a number of writings, among which may be mentioned a See also:work entitled De discrimine revelationis imperatoriae et didacticae prolusions academicae (2 vols., 1830). Theologically, he represented a See also:combination of supernaturalism and See also:rationalism (supernatural rationalism or a Kantian rational supernaturalism). Karl Immanuel was sent to study at Schulpforta in 1803, whence he proceeded to the university of Wittenberg in 1806. In 1809 he graduated, and in 1810 he became a Privatdozent at the university. Having become diaconus at the Schlosskirche in 1811, he showed remarkable See also:energy and zeal during the See also:bombardment and See also:siege of the See also:city in 1813. In 1817 he was appointed one of the preceptors in the preachers' seminary which had been established at Wittenberg after the suppression of the university. From 1820 to 1822 he was superintendent in Kemberg, and in the latter See also:year he was appointed professor ordinarius of systematic and See also:practical See also:theology at See also:Bonn. Here he remained until called to succeed See also:Marheineke at See also:Berlin in 1847; subsequently he became university preacher, See also:rector of the university, See also:provost of St See also:Nicolai (in 1854) and member of the supreme See also:council of the See also:church, in which last capacity he was one of the ablest and most active promoters of the Evangelical See also:Union. He died on the 21st of See also:August 1868. He represented the Vermittelungstheologie of the school of See also:Schleiermacher. His son, See also:FRIEDRICH AUGUST NITZSCH (b.

1832), was made professor ordinarius of theology at See also:

Giessen in 1868 and at See also:Kiel in 1872. He was the author of Grundriss der christl. Dogmengeschichte (187o, incomplete) and 'Das See also:System See also:des Boethius (1860), amongst other See also:works. Karl Nitzsch's See also:principal works are: System der christlichen Lehre (1829; 6th ed., 1851; Eng. trans., 1849), Praktische Theologie (1847-186o; 2nd ed., 1863-1868), Akademische Vortrdge fiber christliche Glaubenslehre (1858) and several See also:series of Predigten. " He took as his starting-point the fundamental thought of Schleiermacher, that See also:religion is not See also:doctrine but See also:life, See also:direct consciousness, feeling. At the same time he sought to bring religious feeling into closer connexion with knowledge and volition than Schleiermacher had done; he laid See also:special stress—and justly—on the recognition of a necessary and See also:radical union of religion with morality, treating both dogmatics and See also:ethics together accordingly in his System der christlichen Lehre" (See also:Otto See also:Pfleiderer, Development of Theology, p. 123). His Protestantische Beantwortung, a reply to the Symbolik of Johann See also:Adam See also:Mohler (1796-1838), which originally appeared in the Studien u. Kritiken, of which he was one of the founders, may also be mentioned. See See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, and the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; F. Lichtenberger, See also:History of See also:German Theology in the Nineteenth See also:Century, pp. 185-196.

NIU-CHWANG, a city of See also:

China, in the Manchurian See also:province of Sheng-See also:king (Liao-tung), in 40°' 53' N. and 122° 7' E., about 35 M. (90 M. by See also:water) from the See also:coast of the Gulf of Liao-tung, on what is now a small See also:branch of the See also:main eastern affluent of the Liao-ho. The See also:population is estimated at 8o,000. The city proper is a comparatively unimportant See also:place with broken-down walls, but it is surrounded by a number of large and flourishing suburbs. About the beginning of the Ta-ts'See also:ing See also:dynasty (1644) Niu-chwang was the See also:chief See also:port on the See also:river, but in the reign of K'ien-See also:lung, owing mainly to See also:physical changes, it was supplanted by T'ien-chwang-tai farther down the stream, and towards the See also:close of the 18th century this had in turn to give place to Ying-tsze still nearer the mouth. In See also:ignorance of these facts Niu-chwang (now scarcely to be reached by a See also:flat-bottomed river See also:boat) was chosen as one of the ports to be opened to See also:foreign See also:trade by the treaty of Tien-tsin; and, though Ying-tsze had of necessitsy to be adopted as the site of the foreign settlements, Europeans still continue to speak of it as the port of Niu-chwang. Ying-tsze (otherwise known as Ying-k'ou, Niu-k'ou and in See also:Mandarin as Muh-k'ou-ying) lies on the left See also:bank of the Liao-ho on the lowest dry portion of the See also:plain, not much above high-water See also:mark. The See also:British See also:settlement immediately above the town.has a river frontage of See also:I000 yds. opposite the deepest of the reaches, and runs back to the See also:highway leading to Niu-chwang. Off the mouth of the river there is an extensive See also:bar of hard mud which can only be crossed by certain channels at high See also:tide, when it is covered by from 18 to 20 ft. of water; and the port is altogether closed by See also:ice for four or five months of the year, between See also:November and May. Niu-chwang has shown considerable vigour as a port of trade, sharing in the See also:general prosperity of the provinces of See also:Manchuria, of which it is the outlet. It was opened to foreign trade in 1858. In 1864 the See also:total value of trade was £934,374, in 1878 £2,606,134, in 1898 £4,634,470, while in 1904 the figures reached £5,950,895.

The principal exports (29%) are beans, See also:

bean-cake, bean-oil and See also:wild See also:silk. The bean-cake is a popular See also:article of See also:food with the natives of Kwang-tung and Fuh-kien, and is also largely employed for manuring the See also:rice and See also:sugar See also:fields in the neighbourhood of See also:Shanghai, See also:Amoy, See also:Swatow, &c. Of imports (71%) the principal are See also:cotton See also:yarn and cotton See also:cloth, most of the latter being See also:drawn from the See also:United States in preference to See also:English-made goods. The number of See also:resident foreigners is about 150. See also:Railways connect the port with See also:Tientsin and See also:Peking on the one See also:hand, and with the See also:Russian territories lying to the See also:north on the other. In 1895 Niu-chwang was occupied by See also:Japanese troops, and the town was included in the cession of territory originally granted by the treaty of See also:peace. By a supplementary See also:convention it was retroceded by the Japanese under pressure of See also:France and See also:Russia. Niu-chwang suffered considerably from the disturbances of 1900 and again during the Russo-Japanese See also:war. In 1900 the Russians defeated the See also:Chinese troops who attacked the town, and took See also:possession `of the port,and administered affairs until they in their turn were driven out by Japanese. At the conclusion of the war the Japanese restored the port to China.

End of Article: NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

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