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See also:BYNO, See also:JOHN (1704-1757) , See also:British See also:admiral, was the See also:fourth son of See also:George Byng, See also:Lord See also:Torrington, and entered the See also:navy in 1718. The powerful See also:influence of his See also:father accounts for his rapid rise in the service. He received his first See also:appointment as See also:lieutenant in 1723, and became See also:captain in 1727. His career presents nothing of See also:note till after his promotion as See also:rear-admiral in 1745, and as See also:vice-admiral in 1747. He served on the most comfortable stations, and avoided the more arduous See also:work of the navy. On the approach of the Seven Years' See also:War the See also:island of See also:Minorca was threatened by an attack from See also:Toulon and was actually invaded in 1756. Byng, who was then serving in the Channel with the See also:rank of admiral, which he attained in 1755, was ordered to the Mediterranean to relieve the See also:garrison of Fort St See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, which was still holding out. The See also:squadron was not very well manned, and Byng was in particular much aggrieved because his See also:marines were landed to make See also:room for the soldiers who were to reinforce the garrison, and he feared that if he met a See also:French squadron after he had lost them he would be dangerously undermanned. His See also:correspondence shows clearly that he See also:left prepared for failure, that he did not believe that the garrison could hold out against the French force landed, and that he was already resolved to come back from Minorca if he found that the task presented any See also:great difficulty. He wrote See also:home to that effect to the See also:ministry from See also:Gibraltar. The See also:governor
of the fortress refused to spare any of his soldiers to increase the See also:relief for Minorca, and Byng sailed on the 8th of May. On the loth he was off Minorca, and endeavoured to open communications with the fort. Before he could See also:land any of the soldiers, the French squadron appeared. A See also:battle was fought on the following See also:day. Byng, who had gained the See also:weather See also:gauge, See also:bore down on the French See also:fleet of M. de la Galissoniere at an See also:angle, so that his leading See also:ships came into See also:action unsupported by the See also:rest of his See also:line. The French cut the leading ships up, and then slipped away. When the See also:flag captain pointed out to Byng that by See also:standing out of his line he could bring the centre of the enemy to closer action, he declined on the ground that See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Mathews had been condemned for so doing. The French, who were equal in number to the See also:English, got away undamaged. After remaining near Minorca for four days without making any further See also:attempt to communicate with the fort or sighting the French, Byng sailed away to Gibraltar leaving Fort St Philip to its See also:fate. The failure caused a See also:savage outburst of wrath in the See also:country. Byng was brought home, tried by See also:court-See also:martial, condemned to See also:death, and shot on the 14th of See also:March 1757 at See also:Portsmouth. The severity of the See also:penalty, aided by a not unjust suspicion that the ministry sought to See also:cover themselves by throwing all the blame on the admiral, led in after See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to a reaction in favour of Byng. It became a See also:commonplace to say that he was put to death for an See also:error of See also:judgment. The court had indeed acquitted him of See also:personal cowardice or of disaffection, and only condemned him for not having done his utmost. But it must be remembered that in consequence of many scandals which had taken See also:place in the previous war the Articles of War had been deliberately revised so as to leave no See also:punishment See also:save death for the officer of any rank who did not do his utmost against the enemy either in battle or pursuit. That Byng had not done all he could is undeniable, and he therefore See also:fell under the See also:law. Neither must it be forgotten that in the previous war in 1745 an unhappy See also:young lieutenant, See also:Baker See also:Phillips by name, whose captain had brought his See also:ship into action unprepared, and who, when his See also:superior was killed, surrendered the ship when she could no longer be defended, was shot by See also:sentence of a court-martial. This savage punishment was approved by the higher See also:officers of the navy, who showed great lenity to men of their own rank. The contrast had angered the country, and the Articles of War had been amended precisely in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order that there might be one law for all.
The facts of Byng's See also:life are fairly set out in See also:Charnock's Biogr. Nat'. vol. iv. pp. 145 to 179. The number of contemporary See also:pamphlets about his See also:case is very great, but they are of no See also:historical value, except as illustrating the See also:state of public See also:opinion. (D.
End of Article: BYNO, JOHN (1704-1757)
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