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MARSILIUS OF See also:PADUA [MARSIGLIO MAINARDINO] (1270-1342) , See also:Italian See also:medieval See also:scholar, was See also:born at Padua, and at first studied See also:medicine in his own See also:country. After practising various professions, among others that of a soldier, he went to See also:Paris about 1311. The reputation which he had gained in the See also:physical sciences soon caused him to be raised to the position of See also:rector of the university (for the first See also:term of the See also:year 1313). While still practising medicine he entered into relations with another See also:master of Paris, the philosopher See also:John of Jandun, who collaborated with him in the See also:composition of the famous Defensor pacis (1324), one of the most extraordinary See also:political and religious See also:works which appeared during the 14th See also:century. A violent straggle had just broken out between See also:pope John XXII. and See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis of See also:Bavaria, See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the See also:Romans, and the latter, on being excommunicated and called upon to give up the See also:empire, only replied to the pope's threats with fresh provocations. Marsilius of Padua and John of Jandun, though they had both See also:reason to be grateful for the benefits of John XXII., See also:chose this moment to demonstrate, by plausible arguments, the supremacy of the Empire, its See also:independence of the See also:Holy See, and the emptiness of the prerogatives " usurped " by the See also:sovereign pontiffs—a demonstration naturally calculated to give them a claim on the gratitude of the See also:German sovereign.
The Defensor pacis, as its name implies, is a See also:work intended to restore See also:peace, as the most indispensable benefit of human society. The author of the See also:law is the See also:people, i.e. the whole See also:body, or at least the most important See also:part (valentior) of the citizens; the people should themselves elect, or at least appoint, the See also:head of the See also:government, who, lest he should be tempted to put himself above the See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope of the See also:laws, should have at his disposal only a limited armed force. This See also:chief is responsible to the people for his breaches of the law, and in serious cases they can condemn him to See also:death. The real cause of the trouble which prevails among men is the papacy, a " fictitious " See also:power, the development of which is the result of a See also:series of usurpations. Marsilius denies, not only to the pope, but to the bishops and See also:clergy, any coercive See also:jurisdiction or any right to pronounce on their own authority excommunications and interdicts, or in any way to impose the observation of the divine law. He is not opposed to penalties against heretics, but he would have them pronounced only by See also:civil tribunals. Desiring to see the clergy practise a holy poverty, he proposes the suppression of See also:tithes and the seizure by the See also:secular power of the greater part of the See also:property of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. The clergy, thus deprived of its See also:wealth, privileges and jurisdiction, is further to be deprived of independence, forthe civil power is to have the right of appointing to benefices, &c. The supreme authority in the church is to be the See also:council, but a council summoned by the See also:emperor. The pope, no longer possessing any more power than other bishops (though Marsilius recognizes that the supremacy of the Church of See also:Rome goes back to the earliest times of See also:Christianity), is to content himself with a pre-See also:eminence mainly of an honorary See also:kind, without claiming to interpret the Holy Scriptures, define dogmas or distribute benefices; moreover, he is to be elected by the See also:Christian people, or by the delegates of the people, i.e. the princes, or by the council, and these are also to have the power to punish, suspend or depose him. Such is this famous work, full of obscurities, redundancies and contradictions, in which the See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread of the See also:argument is sometimes lost in a See also:labyrinth of reasonings and citations, both sacred and profane, but which nevertheless expresses, both in See also:religion and politics, such audacious and novel ideas that it has been possible to trace in it, as it were, a rough See also:sketch of the doctrines See also:developed during the periods of the See also:Reformation and of the See also:French Revolution. The theory was purely democratic, but was all ready to be transformed, by means of a series of See also:fictions and implications, into an imperialist See also:doctrine; and in like manner it contained a visionary See also:plan of reformation which ended, not in the separation of the church from the See also:state, but in the subjection of the church to the state. To overthrow the ecclesiastical See also:hierarchy, to deprive the clergy of all their privileges, to reduce the pope to the See also:rank of a kind of See also:president of a Christian See also:republic, which governs itself, or rather submits to the government of See also:Caesar—such is the See also:dream formed in 1324 by two masters of the university of Paris.
When in 1326 Louis of Bavaria saw the arrival in See also:Nuremberg of the two authors of the See also:book dedicated to him, startled by the boldness of their political and religious theories, he was at first inclined to treat them as heretics. He soon changed his mind, however, and, admitting them to the circle of his intimates, loaded them with favours. Having become one of the chief inspirers of the imperial policy, Marsilius accompanied Louis of Bavaria to See also:Italy, where he preached or circulated written attacks against the pope, especially at See also:Milan, and where he came within the sight of the realization of his wildest utopias. To see a king of the Romans crowned emperor at Rome, not by the pope, but by those who claimed to be the delegates of the people (See also:Jan. 17, 1328), to see John XXII. deposed by the head of the Empire (See also:April 18), and a mendicant See also:friar, Pietro de Corbara, raised by an imperial See also:decree to the See also:throne of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter (as See also:Nicholas V.) after a sham of a popular See also:election (May 12), all this was merely the application of principles laid down in the Defensor pacis. The two authors of this book played a most active part in the See also:Roman Revolution. Marsilius, appointed imperial See also:vicar, abused his power to persecute the clergy who had remained faithful to John XXII. In recompense for his services, he seems to have been appointed See also:archbishop of Milan, while his collaborator, John of Jandun, obtained from Louis of Bavaria the bishopric of See also:Ferrara.
Marsilius of Padua also composed a See also:treatise De translatione imperii romani, which is merely a rearrangement of a work of Landolfo See also:Colonna, De jurisdictione imperatoris in causa matrimoniali, intended to prove the exclusive jurisdiction of the emperor in matrimonial affairs, or rather, to justify the intervention of Louis of Bavaria, who, in the interests of his policy, had just annulled the See also:marriage of the son of the king of Bohemia and the countess of See also:Tirol. But, above all, in an unpublished work preserved at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, the Defensor See also:minor, Marsilius completed and elaborated in a curious manner certain points in the doctrine laid down in the Defensor pacis. In it he deals with ecclesiastical jurisdiction, penances, indulgences, See also:crusades and pilgrimages, vows, See also:excommunication, the pope and the council, marriage and See also:divorce. Here his democratic theory still more clearly leads up to a See also:proclamation of the imperial omnipotence.
Marsilius of Padua does not seem to have lived See also:long after 1342. But the See also:scandal provoked by his Defensor pacis, condemned by the See also:court of See also:Avignon in 1326, lasted much longer. See also:Benedict XII. and See also:Clement VI. censured it in turn; Louis of Bavaria
disowned it. Translated into French, then into Italian (14th century) and into See also:English (16th century), it was known by Wycliffe and See also:Luther, and was not without an See also:influence on the Reform See also:movement.
See J. See also:Sullivan, See also:American See also:Historical See also:Review, vol. ii. (1896-1897), and English Historical Review for April 1905; Histoire litteraire de la See also:France (19(36), xxxiii. 528-623; Sigmund Riezler, See also:Die literarischen Widersacher der Papste zur Zeit See also:Ludwig See also:des Baiers (See also:Leipzig, 1874).
There are numerous See also:manuscripts of the Defensor pads extant. We will here mention only one edition, that given by Goldast, in 1614, in vol. i. of his Monarchia sacri imperil; an unpublished last See also:chapter was published by Karl See also:- MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
- MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
- MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
- MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
- MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
- MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
- MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
- MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
- MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
- MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)
Muller, In 1883, in the Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen, pp. 923-925.
See also:Count See also:Lutzow in The See also:Life and Times of Master John Hus (See also:London and New See also:York, 1909), pp. 5-9, gives a See also:good abstract of the Defensor pacis and the relations of Marsilius to other precursors of the Reformation. (N.
End of Article: MARSILIUS OF PADUA [MARSIGLIO MAINARDINO] (1270-1342)
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