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See also:NAPOLEON IN See also:EGYPT
Within the See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope of this See also:article, yet far more important from its See also:political and See also:personal than from its See also:general military See also:interest, comes the expedition of Napoleon to Egypt and its sequel (see also EGYPT: See also:History; NAPOLEON, &c.). A very brief See also:summary must here suffice. Napoleon See also:left See also:Toulon on the 19th of May 1798, at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time as his See also:army (40,000 strong in 400 transports) embarked secretly at various ports. See also:Nelson's See also:fleet was completely evaded, and, capturing See also:Malta en route, the See also:armada reached the See also:coast of Egypt on the 1st of See also:July. The republicans stormed See also:Alexandria on the 2nd. Between Embabeh and Gizeh, on the left See also:bank of the See also:Nile, 6o,000 Mamelukes were defeated and scattered on the 21st (See also:battle of the Pyramids), the See also:French for the most See also:part marching and fighting in the chequer of See also:infantry squares that afterwards became the classical formation for See also:desert warfare. While his lieutenants pursued the more important See also:groups of the enemy, Napoleon entered See also:Cairo in See also:triumph, and proceeded to organize Egypt as a French See also:protectorate. Meantime Nelson, though too See also:late to See also:head off the expedition, had annihilated the See also:squadron of See also:Admiral Brueys. This See also:blow severed the army from the See also:home See also:country, and destroyed all See also:hope of reinforcements. But to eject the French already in Egypt, military invasion of that country was necessary. The first attempts at this were made in See also:September by the See also:Turks as overlords of Egypt. Napoleon—after suppressing a revolt in Cairo—marched into See also:Syria to meet them, and captured El Arish and Jaffa (at the latter See also:place the prisoners, whom he could afford neither to feed, to See also:release, nor to guard, were shot by his See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order). But he was brought to a standstill (See also:March 17-May 20) before the See also:half-defensible fortifications of See also:Acre, held by a See also:Turkish See also:garrison and animated by the leadership of See also:Sir W. See also:Sidney See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith (q.v.). In May, though meantime a Turkish relieving army had been severely beaten in the battle of See also:Mount See also:Tabor (See also:April 16, 1799), Napoleon gave up his enterprise, and returned to Egypt, where he won a last victory in annihilating at See also:Aboukir, with 6000 of his own men, a Turkish army 18;000 strong that had landed there (July 25, 1799). With this crowning See also:tactical success to set against the Syrian reverses, he handed over the command to Kleber and returned to See also:France (See also:August 22) to ride the See also:storm in a new coup d'etat, the " 18th See also:Brumaire." Kleber, attacked by the See also:English and Turks, concluded the See also:convention of El Arish (See also:January 27, 1800), whereby he secured See also:free transport for the army back to France. But this convention was disavowed by the See also:British See also:government, and Kleber prepared to hold his ground. On the loth of March 1800 he thoroughly defeated the Turkish army at Heliopoiis and recovered Cairo, and French See also:influence was once more in the ascendant in Egypt, when its director was murdered by a fanatic on the 14th of See also:June, the See also:day of See also:Marengo. Kleber's successor, the incompetent Menou, See also:fell an easy victim to the British expeditionary force under Sir See also:Ralph See also:Abercromby in 1801. The British forced their way ashore at Aboukir on the 8th of March. On the 21st, Abercromby won a decisive battle, and himself fell in the See also:hour of victory (see ALEXANDRIA: Battle of I8o7). His successor, General Hely See also:Hutchinson, slowly followed up this See also:advantage, and received the surrender of Cairo in July and of Alexandria in August, the debris of the French army being given free passage back to France. Meantime a mixed force of British and native troops from See also:India, under Sir See also:David See also:Baird, had landed at Kosseir and marched across the desert to Cairo.
End of Article: NAPOLEON IN
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