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sugar, for which Owosso is an important centre. The value of the city's factory products increased from $2,055,052 in 1900 to $3,109,232 in 1905, or 51.3%. The See also:

MUNICIPALITY

municipality owns and operates its See also:

WATER

water-See also:

WORKS

works. Owosso was settled about 1834 and chartered as a city in 1859. OR, strictly speaking, the Saxon name for the See also:

MALES

males of domesticated See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (See also:

BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos See also:

TAURUS (" the Bull ")

taurus), but in a zoological sense employed so as to include not only the See also:

EXTINCT

extinct See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ox of See also:

EUROPE

Europe but likewise bovine animals of every description, that is to say true oxen, bison and buffaloes. The characteristics of the sub-See also:

FAMILY

family Bovinae, or typical See also:

section of the family See also:

BOVIDAE

Bovidae, are given in the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article BOVIDAE (q.v.); for the systematic position of that family see See also:

PECORA (plural of Lat. pecus, cattle)

PECORA.

In the typical oxen, as represented by the existing domesticated breeds (see CATTLE) and the extinct See also:

AUROCHS (from Lat. urns, the wild ox, and " ox ")

aurochs (q.v.), the horns are cylindrical and placed on an elevated See also:

crest at the very vertex of the See also:

SKULL

skull, which has the frontal region of See also:

GREAT

great length. The aurochs was a See also:

black See also:

animal, with a lighter dorsal streak, and horns directed upwards in the shape of a pitchfork, black at their tips, but otherwise whitish. The fighting bulls of See also:

Spain, the black See also:

Pembroke cattle of See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, with their derivatives the See also:

white See also:

park-cattle of Chillingham in See also:

Northumberland, are undoubtedly the See also:

DIRECT

direct descendants of the aurochs. The black See also:

KERRY

Kerry breed and the black or See also:

brown Scotch cattle are also more or less nearly related; and a similar kinship is claimed for the Siemental cattle of See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, although their See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is white and fawn. See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short-horns are a See also:

MODERN

modern derivative from cattle of the same See also:

general type. Among other See also:

BRITISH

British breeds may be mentioned the Devons and Herefords, both characterized by their red colour; the See also:

long-horned and See also:

Sussex breeds, both with very large horns, showing a tendency to grow downwards; and the See also:

AYRSHIRE

Ayrshire. Polled, or hornless, breeds, such as the polled See also:

ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus and polled See also:

Suffolk, are of See also:

INTEREST

interest, as showing how easily the horns can be eliminated, and thus indicating a hornless ancestry. The white cattle formerly kept at Chartley Park, See also:

STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, exhibit signs of See also:

affinity with the long-See also:

horn breed. The Channel See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island cattle, which are either black or fawn, would seem to be nearly allied to the See also:

SPANISH

Spanish fighting breed, and thus to the aurochs. The great white or cream coloured cattle of See also:

Italy, See also:

Austria, See also:

Hungary and See also:

Poland, which have very long black-tipped horns, are also probably not far removed from the aurochs stock. On the other See also:

hand, the great tawny See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught cattle of Spain seem to indicate mixture with a different stock, the horns having a See also:

double curvature, quite different from the See also:

SIMPLE

simple one of the aurochs type. There are reports as to these cattle having been formerly crossed with the humped eastern See also:

SPECIES

species; and their characteristics are all in favour of such an origin.

Humped cattle are widely spread over See also:

Africa, See also:

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar and See also:

India, and See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a distinct species, Bos indicus, characterized by the presence of a fleshy hump on the shoulders, the convexity (instead of concavity) of the first See also:

PART

part of the See also:

CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the horns, the very large See also:

SIZE

size of the See also:

DEWLAP

dewlap, and the general presence of white rings See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the fetlocks, and See also:

LIGHT

light circles surrounding the eyes. The See also:

VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice and habits of these cattle are also markedly different from those of See also:

EUROPEAN

European cattle. Whether humped cattle are of See also:

INDIAN

Indian or See also:

AFRICAN

African origin cannot be determined, and the species is known only in the domesticated See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition. The largest horns are found in the Galla cattle, in which they attain enormous dimensions. In Europe the name zebu is generally applied to the Indian breed, although no such designation is known in India itself. A third type is apparently indicated by the See also:

ancient See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian cattle, which were not humped, and for which the name Bos aegyptiacus has been suggested. The cattle of Ankole, on the See also:

UGANDA

Uganda frontier, which have immense horns, conform,_to this type. A second See also:

GROUP

group of the genus Bos is represented by the Indo-See also:

MALAY

Malay cattle included in the sub-genus Bibos (see See also:

BANTIN, or BANTING

BANTIN, See also:

GAUR and See also:

GAYAL

GAYAL); they are characterized by the more or less marked flattening of the horns, the presence of a well-marked See also:

ridge on the anterior See also:

HALF

half of the back, and the white legs. y' L Fia. z. Strix flammea. More distinct are the bisons, forming the sub-genus Bison, represented by the European and the See also:

AMERICAN

American species (see Btsox), the forehead of the skull being much shorter and wider, and the horns not arising from a crest on the extreme vertex, w ti*le the number of ribs is different (14 pairs in bisons, only 13 in oxen), and the See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair on the See also:

head and See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck is long and shaggy. Very lose to this group, if indeed really separable, is the Tibetan See also:

yak (q.v.), forming by itself the sub-genus Poephagus.

The most widely different from the true oxen are, however, the buffaloes (see See also:

BUFFALO

BUFFALO), which have consequently the most claim to generic distinction. From all other Bovinae they differ by the triangular section of their horns. They are divisible into two See also:

groups, an African and an See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic, both of which are generally included in the sub-genus, or genus, Bubalus, although the latter are sometimes separated as Buffelus. The smallest member of the group is the See also:

ANOA

anoa (q.v.) of See also:

CELEBES

Celebes. As regards the origin of the ox-tribe we are still in the dark. The structure of their molar See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth affiliates them to the antelopes of the See also:

ORYX (Gr. opvE, a pickaxe, hence applied to the animal)

Oryx and Hippotragus groups; but the See also:

early bovines lack horns in the See also:

FEMALE

female, whereas both sexes of these antelopes are horned. Remains of the wild ox or aurochs are abundant in the superficial deposits of Europe, Western See also:

ASIA

Asia, and See also:

NORTHERN

Northern Africa; those from the See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-earths of the See also:

THAMES

Thames valley indicating animals of immense proportions. See also:

Side by side with these are found remains of a huge bison, generally regarded as specifically distinct from the living European animal and termed Bos (Bison) prisms. In the See also:

PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene of India occurs a large ox (Bos namadicus), possibly showing some affinity with the Bibos group, and in the same formation are found remains of a buffalo, allied to, but distinct from the living Indian species. Large oxen also occur in the See also:

LOWER

Lower See also:

PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene of India, although not closely allied to the living kinds; while in the same formation are found remains of bison (or [?] yak) and buffaloes, some of the latter being nearly akin to the anoa, although much larger. Perhaps, however, the most interesting are the remains of certain oxen from the Lower Pliocene of Europe and India, which have been described under the sub-generic (or generic) See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Leptobos, and are characterized by the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of horns in the See also:

FEMALES

females. In other respects they appear to come nearest to the bantin.

Remains of extinct bisons, some of gigantic size, occur in the superficial formations of See also:

North See also:

AMERICA

America as far See also:

south as See also:

TEXAS

Texas. See R. Lydekker, Wild Oxen, See also:

Sheep and Goats (See also:

LONDON

London, 1898). (R.

End of Article: OWOSSO

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